A&P Test 4 Fall 2012

Know the following muscles/groups Pectoralis major Deltoids Biceps brachii Triceps brachii Quadriceps Hamstrings Tibialis anterior Gastrocnemius Latissimus dorsi Trapezius Gluteus maxmius

Cardiovascular System Heart Blood vessels Blood

Functions of the Cardiovascular System Transport of nutrients, oxygen, hormones Removal of metabolic wastes Protection  white blood cells Regulation of body temperature, pH and water content

Blood Red blood cells – Transport O2 and CO2 White Blood Cells – Protection Platelets – Stoppage of bleeding Plasma – Liquid portion of blood – Water, proteins, waste products, nutrients, electrolytes, respiratory gases

Circulatory Pathways Arteries  Capillaries  Veins Pulmonary circulation – From right side of heart to the lungs Systemic circulation – From left side of heart to the rest of the body

Respiratory System Deliver air to the lungs O2 diffuses out of the lungs & into the blood CO2 diffuses out of the blood & into the lungs Pulmonary ventilation – breathing External respiration – gas exchange between lungs and blood Internal respiration – gas exchange between blood and cells Gas transport – accomplished by CV system Respiratory Control – Medullar oblongata – Influenced by stimuli received from sensory neurons

Digestion Food – Consumption and processing is vital for maintaining body tissues and providing fuel The Digestive Process Mouth – Food is chewed and broken down Stomach – Further break down Small intestine – Absorption Large intestine – Water re-absorption – Elimination of unneeded/unusable compounds

Fates of Food Proteins – Muscles and other tissues  maintain structural integrity, repair damage Fats and Carbohydrates – To working muscle or other metabolically active area to be burned for energy – Supplies in excess of demands are stored Carbohydrates  liver and muscle glycogen Fats  in adipose tissue as body fat

Urinary System Maintains homeostasis – Regulates water balance – Removes harmful substances from the blood Blood is filtered by the kidneys

Lymphatic System The other circulatory system Collects excess fluids and plasma proteins and returns them to the blood Absorbs lipids and fat soluble materials from the digestive tract Filters lymph – destroys pathogens – Lymph nodes  immune response centers

Circulatory Fluid Movement Lymph – 3 liters per day – Moved by muscle contraction and breathing Blood – 5 liters per minute – Moved by the heart

Lymph Nodes Filter lymph – prevent the spread of microorganisims and toxins Destroy bacteria and toxins Produce antibodies

Nervous System Central Nervous System (CNS) – Brain & Spinal Cord Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) – Nerves outside the CNS

Endocrine System vs. Nervous System Endocrine Influence other cells with chemicals (hormones) Effect takes seconds to days to be produced Effects last as long as hormones remain in blood Distal influence Nervous Influence other cells with chemicals (neurotransmitters) Effects are immediate Effect is short lived Proximal influence

Key Metabolic Hormones Insulin – Secreted in response to elevated blood glucose levels – Tells the body to store nutrients Glucagon – Secreted in response to elevated amino acid levels – Tells the body to release nutrients Cholecystokinin (CCK) – Secreted in response to lipids – Hunger suppressant