Vowels: other considerations Diphthongs ATR Rhoticity Length.

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Presentation transcript:

Vowels: other considerations Diphthongs ATR Rhoticity Length

Diphthongs Two-vowel sequence [ai] [au] [oi] [ei] and [ou] [ij] and [uw]

Diphthongs Make up one syllable –“naïve” and “knife” –“employ” and “employee”

Diphthongs

ATR Advanced tongue root –Tongue root is more forward –Larynx is lowered  pharynx is enlarged

ATR ATR in Igbo (Ladefoged and Maddieson 1996) Examples from AkanAkan

Rhoticity

Rhoticized means “r-colored” –“bird” “park” “fur” “assert” Different articulations –Tongue tip raised (like retroflex) –Tongue tip lowered with tongue body bunched up

Rhoticity Six different English speakers showing the “bunched up” style (Ladefoged and Maddieson 1996)

Rhoticity

Length Arabic, Vietnamese, Hindi, German… Mixe

Vowel inventory Five- and seven-vowel systems are most common SpanishYiddishItalian

Vowel inventory Some languages have many more French (plus nasals) English (plus diphthongs)

Vowels and orthography No vowel indication –Semitic languages Auxiliary vowel indication –(the same) Semitic languages Inherent vowel indication –Indian languages Independent vowel indication –English

No or auxiliary vowel indication Vn thgh ths sntnc hs n vwls y cn stll ndrstnd wht t sys

Inherent vowel indication Each grapheme includes a vowel (usually schwa) Gujarati