Section 4-1: Introduction to the Cell Chapter 4: The Cell Section 4-1: Introduction to the Cell

Discovery of the Cell Robert Hooke (1665) Anton van Leeuwenhoek (1673) The cell theory Matthias Schleiden (1838) Theodor Schwann (1839) Rudolf Virchow (1855)

Section 4-2 Introduction to Cells

Cell Diversity Shape Size Determine function Limits: Surface area to volume ratio (Figure 4-5)

Cells Basic Parts Two types Plasma membrane Cytoplasm Control center Prokaryotes Eukaryotes

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Organization Cells  Tissues  Organs  Organ Systems  Organism

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Cell Organelles and Features Section 4-3 Cell Organelles and Features

Cell Membrane Function - Selectively permeable Structure Phospholipid bilayer Membrane proteins Peripheral Integral Cholesterol Fluid mosaic model

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Membrane Proteins Peripheral Integral Recognition – carbohydrate chains Connections Receptors Integral Channels Pumps

Q.O.D. Which organelles are involved in protein synthesis and what is their role?

The Nucleus Nuclear matrix Nuclear envelope Chromatin/Chromosomes Nuclear pores Chromatin/Chromosomes Nucleolus

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The Organelles Cytoplasm/Cytosol Mitochondria Function: energy (ATP) Structure: Double membrane Cristae – inner membrane Matrix and intermembrane space Contain own DNA Divide on their own Contain own ribosomes

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Enodplasmic Reticulum Ribosomes Free or attached Made of proteins + RNA Function: Protein synthesis Enodplasmic Reticulum Structure: Membranous tubules and sacs Smooth ER vs. Rough ER Function depends on type of ER

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What are the roles of the cytoskeleton? Q.O.D. What are the roles of the cytoskeleton?

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Golgi apparatus Vessicles Packages and delivers Flattened stack of membranes Modifies proteins to be exported Vessicles Lysosomes – Hydrolytic enzymes Peroxisomes Protein synthesis

Processing of Proteins Section 3 Cell Organelles and Features Chapter 4 Processing of Proteins

Cytoskeleton Functions Shape/Size Support Movement Structures Microfilaments - actin Microtubules Spindle fibers

Cilia Flagella Centrioles Short, hair-like projections Beat in waves Unicellular organisms Respiratory tract Flagella Long, tail Whipping motion Centrioles

Section 4-4 Plant Cells

Comparing Plant and Animal Cells Section 4 Unique Features of Plant Cells Chapter 4 Comparing Plant and Animal Cells

Plant Cells

Plant Cells Cell Wall Vacuoles Support and protection Cellulose Primary/Secondary Vacuoles Storage Large, central

Plastids Features: Types: Own DNA, ribosomes Reproduce on their own Two membranes Types: Chloroplast Thylakoids and grana (granum) Stroma

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The Chloroplast