Cellular Structure and Function Chapter 7 Cellular Structure and Function

Cell Structures and Organelles Chapter 7.3 Cell Structures and Organelles

The Cell is a Factory for Making PROTEINS!!

Cell Organelles Cell Part Function Cytoplasm Semifluid material that surrounds the organelles and provides a place for chemical reactions to take place. Cytoskeleton A network of long, thin protein fibers that form a framework and support system for the cell; anchors all the organelles Nucleus Control center of the cell; contains the cell’s DNA; surrounded by nuclear membrane (envelope) Ribosomes Produces proteins Nucleolus Produces ribosomes Endoplasmic reticulum Folded membrane system that is the site for protein and lipid production Smooth ER Area with no ribosomes attached; place where many carbohydrates and lipids are produced Rough ER Ribosomes are attached and produce proteins

Cell Organelles Cell Part Function Golgi Apparatus Flattened membranes that modified, sorts, and packages proteins Vacuoles Temporary storage for the cell; used to store food, enzymes, and other materials needed for the cell Lysosomes Structure containing enzymes used to digest waste Centrioles Used in cell reproduction Mitochondria Produce energy by breaking down sugars Chloroplasts Capture light energy and convert it to chemical energy (food); found in plant cells Cell wall Thick, rigid fibers that surround the plasma membrane and protects the cell Cilia and Flagella Used for cell movement in some eukaryotic cells

Cytoplasm and Cytoskeleton Semifluid material that surrounds the organelles and provides a place for chemical reactions to take place. Cytoskeleton A network of long, thin protein fibers that form a framework and support system for the cell; anchors all the organelles

Nucleus and Nucleolus Nucleus Control center of the cell; contains the cell’s DNA; surrounded by nuclear membrane (envelope) Nucleolus Produces ribosomes

Ribosomes Ribosomes Produces proteins

Smooth and Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum Folded membrane system that is the site for protein and lipid production Smooth ER Area with no ribosomes attached; place where many carbohydrates and lipids are produced Rough ER Ribosomes are attached and produce proteins

Golgi Apparatus Golgi Apparatus Flattened membranes that modified, sorts, and packages proteins

Vacuole Animal Cell Plant Cell Vacuoles Temporary storage for the cell; used to store food, enzymes, and other materials needed for the cell

Lysosomes Lysosomes Structure containing enzymes used to digest waste

Centrioles Centrioles Used in cell reproduction

Mitochondria Mitochondria Produce energy by breaking down sugars

Chloroplasts Chloroplasts Capture light energy and convert it to chemical energy (food); found in plant cells

Cell Wall Cell wall Thick, rigid fibers that surround the plasma membrane and protects the cell

Cilia and Flagella Cilia and Flagella Used for cell movement in some eukaryotic cells

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Chapter 7.4 Cellular Transport

Predict Food coloring demonstration Hypothesize: Drops of red and blue food coloring are added to opposite ends of a container of water. Hypothesize: What will happen when the food colorings are added? What will happen after 5 minutes?

Observation & Explanation Observe: What happened to our food colorings? Explain: How can this result be explained? Figure 7.20 © Glencoe-McGraw Hill (2007)

Diffusion Substances dissolved in water (solutes) move constantly in random motion; this is call Brownian Motion Causes diffusion net movement of particles from an area where there are many particles of the substance (high concentration) to an area where there are few particles of the substance (low concentration)

There are two components of solution: Solvent – a substance in which another substance is dissolved Solute – the substance that is dissolved

Diffusion Movement of substances from high concentration to low concentration Caused by the RANDOM movement of particles Requires no energy input!

http://www.indiana.edu/~phys215/lecture/lecnotes/lecgraphics/diffusion.gif

http://www.indiana.edu/~phys215/lecture/lecnotes/lecgraphics/diffusion2.gif

Interactive Diffusion Activity: http://www.wisc-online.com/objects/ViewObject.aspx?ID=AP1903

Dynamic Equilibrium Once a uniform purple color is reached, the food coloring particles continue to move randomly. However, at some point, all particles of a substance (in this case food coloring) will be as spread out as they can and there will no longer be areas of high and low concentration. When this occurs, dynamic equilibrium has been reached.

Diffusion in Cells

Factors that Affect Diffusion Three main factors affect the rate (speed) of diffusion: Concentration of the diffusing particles Temperature Pressure If any of these three increases, the diffusion rate will increase. Why? Set up some demonstrations to show students these: 1.) Add differing amounts of food coloring to two beakers to see how fast diffusion occurs in each. 2.) Place food coloring in a beaker of boiling water. 3.) Place food coloring into the bottom of a 2-liter bottle that is under pressure/ or use vacuum to reduce pressure.

Facilitated Diffusion Water can pass easily through the plasma membrane – most substances cannot In facilitated diffusion, special transport proteins move ions and small molecules across the plasma membrane

Transport Processes Passive transport – movement of a substance across the plasma membrane without the use of the cell’s energy. Active transport – requires the use of the cell’s energy to move substances into or out of a cell across the cell membrane. No Energy Required Requires Energy

Cellular Transport Videos http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1ZFqOvxXg9M&feature=related

Osmosis is the DIFFUSION OF WATER

Osmosis The diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane. Cells must regulate this in order to maintain homeostasis. One of three situations exists. Figure 7.22 © Glencoe-McGraw Hill (2007)

http://www. stolaf. edu/people/giannini/flashanimat/transport/osmosis http://www.stolaf.edu/people/giannini/flashanimat/transport/osmosis.swf http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sdiJtDRJQEc

Isotonic Solution Cell is in a solution that has the same concentration of water and solutes Iso – Greek meaning “equal” cell is in dynamic equilibrium with environment Water enters and leaves the cell at the same rate. Figure 7.23 © Glencoe-McGraw Hill (2007)

Hypotonic Solution Cell is in a solution that has a lower concentration of solute than the cell hypo – Greek meaning “under” Net movement of water is into the cell Causes osmotic pressure In animals – cell could burst In plants, cell wall prevents bursting; cell becomes firmer Figure 7.24 © Glencoe-McGraw Hill (2007)

Hypertonic Solution Cell is in a solution that has a higher concentration of solute than the cell. hyper – Greek meaning “above” Net movement of water is out of the cell Results: In animals – cells shrivel In plants, central vacuole pulls away from cell wall; plant wilts Figure 7.25 © Glencoe-McGraw Hill (2007)

Red Blood Cells – A Comparison Is your blood pure water? What would happen to your red blood cells if pure water were to be injected into your blood stream?

Osmosis Examples Example Solution Pickles are made by immersing cucumbers in a concentrated saltwater solution. Spraying plants with a solution that contains too high a concentration of fertilizer might cause them to dry out and die. Patients undergoing surgery are given 0.9% saline (saltwater) solution. One of the oldest methods of preserving food is to pack them in saline solutions, which kill the bacteria that cause foods to spoil. Organisms that live in seawater have specialized mechanisms that prevent them from becoming dehydrated. Florists store fresh flowers in cold water to help the flowers keep their original appearance.