1. Biology – The Building Blocks of Life
Objective 2
State and explain the statements of The Cell Theory

2. Cell Theory All living things are made up of at least one cell
The cell is the smallest unit of structure and function in living things
All cells come from pre-existing cells

3. Biology – The Building Blocks of Life
Objective 4
Identify the structure and functions of cell organelles

4. 1: Cell Membrane / Plasma Membrane
Structure
A bilayer (2 layers) of lipid. The major portion of the membrane. The fatty acids point inward and the glycerol are on the outside.
Protein molecules serve as channels and pumps to move molecules through the membrane
Carbohydrates are attached to the proteins and act as the cell’s identification card, which allows cells to recognize and interact with each other

5. Phospholipid Bilayer Outside of the cell Carbohydrate Lipid Layer
2nd Lipid Layer
 Protein
Inside of the cell

6. 1: Cell Membrane / Plasma Membrane (continued)
Function
regulates what Enters and Leaves the cell
aids in the protection and support of the cell
membranes communicate with other cells

7. 2: Cytoplasm Liquid portion of the cell; mostly made of water
holds the organelles, most chemical reactions take place here.

8. 3: Nucleus Information center, control center of the cell
Prokaryote - cells without a nucleus. All bacteria
Eukaryote - cells with a nucleus. All other kingdoms of life.

9. 4: Nuclear Envelope / Nuclear Membrane
Membrane that surrounds the nucleus
contains nuclear pores that allow materials to pass into and out of the nucleus

10. 5: Nucleolus Dark portion in the nucleus Made of RNA and Protein
Where Ribosomes are made

11. 6: Chromosomes Genetic material in the nucleus
DNA are attached to special proteins to form chromosomes

12. 7: Vacuoles Cellular closets
Storage of food, water, wastes, other molecules

13. 8: Golgi Apparatus / Golgi Bodies
Cell shipping
flattened Membranes
modifies, collects, packages, and distributes molecules to be shipped out of the cell

14. 9: Endoplasmic Reticulum (E.R.)
Moves materials Inside the cell
Rough E.R. – covered with ribosomes
Smooth E.R. – has no Ribosomes

15. Transport in the Cell Nucleus Golgi Body Endoplasmic Reticulum
Ribosomes
Nucleus
Golgi Body
Endoplasmic Reticulum
Vacoule

16. 10: Ribosomes Where Proteins are made (the site of Protein Synthesis)
Made of RNA and Protein

17. 11: Mitochondria Powerhouse of the cell
changes energy from one form to another
Cristae - folded membranes to increase surface area

18. 12: Cytoskeleton Microtubules (small tubes)
Support and Shape
form centrioles
cillia – Hair-like projections in unicellular organisms
flagella – Whip-like for movement in unicellular organisms
Microfibrils (small thin fibers)
cytoplasmic streaming
Moves cytoplasm and organelles around in the cell

19. Cytoskeleton

20. Biology – The Building Blocks of Life
Objective 5
Compare and contrast plant and animal cells

21. 1: Centrioles (Animal Only)
Located near the Nucleus
arranges Chromosomes for cell division
made of microtubules

22. 2: Lysosomes (Animal only)
Cell clean up crew
special Vacuoles with digestive Enzymes

23. 1: Cell Wall (Plant Only)
Surrounds the cell membrane in plants, algae, and some bacteria. Made of three layers:
1: Pectin gluey substance that holds cells together
2: Primary cell wall
Made of Cellulose - elastic, cell can stretch
3: Secondary cell wall - Mostly made of Lignin - rigid structure

24. Cell Wall Arrangement

25. 2: Plastids (Plant Only)
Special Vacuoles to store Pigment (color molecules)
chlorophyll - Green
Chloroplasts contains the chlorophyll in plants
Carotene - Orange
xanthophylls – Yellow
Phycobilin - Red

26. Plastid  Chloroplast

27. Other Plant/Animal Differences
Plants have a larger central water vacuole
Holds water to keep the plant upright = “Turgor Pressure”
Shape
Cell wall makes plants more rectangular