Other aquaculture systems PRINCIPLES OF AQUACULTURE (AKU3201)
Ponds Cages Raceway Recirculating Others – tanks, strings, rack, pisciponic Method of culture 1
2
3
Floating or submerged units Placed in open water i.e., lake, reservoir, river, estuary, open ocean Netting to hold fish Fed with pellet Cages 4
Floating Cages 5
Cages 6
Hold net Stainless steel Floatation devices Frame 7
Polyethlyene, polyester wire nylon Net size < Fish size Netting 8
9 Depth: 1 – 2 m Freeboard: cm Weightage at every side Metal frame
Submerged cages 10
Advantages Continuous flow of clean/new water Easy harvesting Different species in different cages Waste, excessive feed are not accumulated in the culture system Stocking rate can be regulated easily Cages 11
Disadvantages Changes in environmental surroundings & water quality Noxious algal bloom Slower species growth compared to pond culture Frequent net cleaning Disease problem Climate problem Theft Cages 12
Non-polluted area Protected/sheltered area Low drastic salinity change Small waves (except cage in deep sea areas) Requirement 13
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RAS= Recirculating aquaculture systems Water is processed to restore water quality Recycle back to the culture tank RAS 16
Suitable when: 1)Land or water is limited 2)Natural water is of poor quality 3)Ambient temperatures for cultured spp. are outside the range 17
18
RAS 19
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Biofilter -Substrate on which aerobic bacteria will grow -Bacteria change the form of nitrogen from toxic to non-toxic form -Toxic = Ammonia (NH 3 ) - NH 3 -> NO 2 (Nitrosomonas) - NO 2 -> NO 3 (Nitrobacter) 22
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Water continuously flow Flow-through 25
Raceway 26 Water continuously flow
Semi-controlled Boat & strings/rope Marine Strings 27
Bivalve & seaweed String/line 28
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Pisciponic 35
Culture synergy of fish & plant Maximum use of water, soil, space & increase production & income Reduce nutrient need % Minimum aquaculture waste Japanese salad, kailan, tomato Baung, keli, tilapia Tilapia the best Pisciponic 36
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Semi controlled & marine Clams/abalone/oysters Stake 39
Semi-controlled & marine Bivalve (oyster/clams) Tray/Raft 40
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Bottom culture 43
Pen (Crab) Introduced by Jabatan Pertanian Sarawak Application – SEA & Australia Cage constructed in mangrove area Minimum cutting (20%) & sustain forest area Ketam nipah Scylla serrata, S. olivacea, S. tranquebarica
Selection of wild broodstock & artificial production of juveniles which are released into the natural environment then harvest Semi-controlled Species: Salmon, lobster Sea Ranching 45
Seacage cultivator 46 Combination of raft, line and cage Facility: – Wave resistant – Ease of handling – Production per area is high Semi control Commercial species: abalone, sea cucumber
Bioreactor 47 Culture of microalga for health product and live feed for fish, crustacean and molluscan larvae Chlorella, Spirullina
Integrated multi-trophic aquaculture Integration between seaweed and other aquatic organisms IMTA 48
Backyard hatchery 49
50
Backyard hatchery-RAS 51
52 Key attributes of a successful aquaculture business include: Fish farming experience (animal husbandry); Market knowledge; Understanding of species site selection requirements; Appropriate system design; and Business management experience.