1. Marine Integrated Aquaculture
Kevin Fitzsimmons, Ph.D.
Professor, University of Arizona
American Soybean Association
Past President – World Aquaculture Society
Karachi, Pakistan
9 March, 2012

2. Overview Global perspective on sustainable aquaculture
Production systems
Polyculture of fish, bivalves, seaweeds, and crustaceans
Future trends

3. Several models Fish and seaweed in cages Seaweeds in shrimp pond
Fish in cages in shrimp farm supply reservoirs
Fish and shrimp in crop rotation
Tilapia to treat/re-use shrimp effluent

4. Tilapia - shrimp polyculture

5. Philippines - Early adoption of polyculture
Severe disease outbreaks in shrimp industry in 1990’s
Major producer of tilapia
Developed tilapia-shrimp polyculture system on Negros Island
Crop-rotation, tilapia in cages/hapas, and tilapia in reservoir
Have been operating for 10+ years

6. Tilapia-shrimp farm in Sonora, Mexico

7. Fish-shrimp production in Ecuador and Peru
Supplementing shrimp because of white spot and other shrimp diseases
Crop rotation, tilapia in supply reservoirs
Using shrimp infrastructure
Exporting tilapia to US and EU

8. Tilapia production in Ecuador and shrimp viral infections
White Spot
Taura
IHHN

9. Tilapia production in outside ponds with shrimp in covered ponds (Ecuador)

10. Tilapia-shrimp-halophytes Eritrea
Salicornia
Mangroves
Mangroves
Salicornia
Shrimp / tilapia ponds

11. Shrimp-fish systems Tilapia cages in shrimp pond, Thailand
Tilapia hapa in shrimp pond, Thailand

12. Brackish water fish – seaweeds and bivalves
Snapper, seabass, grouper cage effluents (feed and feces) fertilize seaweed and feed filter feeding bivalves

13. Thailand experimental polyculture systems at AIT
Shrimp survival - 90%
Shrimp yield - 3,000 kg/ha
Tilapia survival - > 90%
Tilapia yield - 1,500 kg/ha
Tilapia growth - 10g to 300g in 10 weeks
Shrimp survival and yield was lower in monoculture control

14. Seaweed and Mud crabs

16. Gracilaria
Shrimp
Tilapia

17. Seaweed, milkfish and shrimp polyculture

18. Fresh Gracilaria from the tilapia-shrimp pond

19. Mechanisms Mucus – supports gram positive bacteria
Fish activity increases green algae bloom while maintaining levels of other types of algae
Bio-manipulators of sediments - Oxidize wastes - Disturb life-cycle of pathogens and vectors

20. Marine Integrated Aquaculture
Shrimp seaweeds, bivalves, cucumbers, urchins
Fish seaweeds, bivalves, tunicates
Abalone seaweeds
Mud crabs seaweeds, fish, shrimp

21. Grouper and Snappers → seaweeds, inverts
Groupers and snappers in cages release dissolved nutrients (N, P, K, Fe, CO2, etc.) and suspended solids (feed, feces, phytoplankton) to be consumed by seaweed, bivalves, and sea urchins

22. Floating feeds

23. Conclusions Improved production systems with more sustainability.
Protection of the environment
More economic benefit for aquatic farmers.