Cartography Topographic maps and Thematic maps

1. Simplification >> 2. Selection >> 3. Classification >> 4. Symbolization Cartography

1. Simplification It determines the most important characteristics (dimensions) –3D volumes (the reality) >> lost, because maps are usually flat –2D areas –1D lines –0D points As scale goes down, features loose dimensionality. This is called collapsing. –examples: cities to points, riverbeds to lines. Cartography

2. Selection Which elements: depends on the purposes How many: depends on the scale Aggregation: merging of several elements, common with areas Elimination: removal of certain elements, points, lines and areas Smoothing: removal of details in shape or outline: common for lines and areas 1: : : : : Cartography

2. Selection Cartography

3. Classification Grouping features: –Nominal (by “name type”) –Ordinal (in order, size implied) –Interval (by size) Cartography

4. Symbolization Cartography

Map generalization: the information is linked to the scale!

Cartography Map generalization: the information is linked to the scale!

Cartography 1: m 1 cm 1 cm 2 on the map = 1 ha on the ground

Cartography 1: m 1 cm 1 cm 2 on the map = 25 ha on the ground

Hydrography Rivers and watercourses Lakes Springs and wells Water mark of the sea Cartography

Roads, railways, etc. Multi-lane dual carriageways Dual carriageways Express carriageways Roads two or more lanes wide Roads one line wide Secondary roads Car and cart tracks Horse or other beats of burden tracks Footpaths Multiple track railroads Single track railroads Cartography

Buildings Dwellings Other buildings: for work for services for education for trasport for worship for recreation Cartography

Vegetation and land cover –Natural (woody and herbaceous plants) –Man-made vegetations and cultivation –Ice surfaces –Rock surfaces –Deposital feature areas Cartography

Boundaries National boundaries Civil or administrative boundaries Boundaries of national parks Boundaries of military training areas Cartography

Relief representation –Hachures –Contourlines –Spotheights –Rock drawing –Hill shading –Layer tints (for small-scale maps) Cartography

Relief representation HachureContoursSpot heights Hypsometric tintShaded reliefShaded relief + contours Cartography

Geographical names (toponyms) –Administrative names –Island and coastal feature names –Mountains, group of mountains and mountain areas names –Hydrographic features and glaciers names –Built-up areas names –Regions names –Properties names –Transport features names –Single topographic features names Cartography

Toponyms 1.Visual design –Font or typeface Serif, e.g. Times New Roman Sans serif, e.g. Arial –the typeface must be legible in small sizes –typeface must also be slightly narrow, to avoid line lengths running too long –different styles and weights of the typeface must be clearly differentiated from one another –Variant and form Bold Italic (usually reserved for hydrography) Underlined (generally not used) UPPERCASE or lowercase –UPPERCASE is generally less readable than lowercase Cartography

Toponyms 1.Visual design –Font colour black is standard blue: hydrography brown: contour elevation and spot heights red: important feature other colours are seldom used –Size it denotes importance measured in points (1 mm = ~3 points) minimum size is 5 points Cartography

Toponyms Font size is expressed in points (pt) –1 point = 1/72 of inch Printing resolution is expressed in dots per inch (dpi) –at 300 dpi, 1 point is rendered by 4.17 dots –at 300 dpi, a font of 5pt is rendered using a matrix of ~21 dots, just acceptable Cartography

Toponyms 2.Positioning One of the biggest challenges in computer mapping −Minimise ambiguity as to what the name refers to −Minimise interference with other map elements −Horizontal lettering wherever possible, except: when there is no space when the feature is not horizontal (e.g. a river) for contour values, the lettering tops should “point uphill” −8 possible position, TR to be preferred −Space between name and symbol Half the size of the lettering TLTCTR ML●MR BLBCBR Cartography

Toponyms 2.Positioning Cartography

Coordinates Cartography Graticule (degrees) Grid (meters )

Cartography

Marginal and border information Map sheet: the entire area of the complete map sheet Sheet edge: it defines the size of the complete map sheet Map area: it is the area of the map sheet dedicated at the map itself Neat line: it is the bound of the map area Gutter: the space 2÷3 cm. wide between neat and border line Margin:(left, right, upper, lower) the space outside the border line Sheet edge or trim line Top or upper margin Foot or lower margin Neat line Border line Gutter Map area or map face Cartography

Title Glossary Sheet name Sheet index Copyright Legend UTM info Cartography

Marginal and border information Gutter Graticule (not drawn on the map face Grid (purple lines) Geographic coordinates of the map corner Cartography

Marginal and border information Cartography

Marginal and border information

Cartography Marginal and border information Numeric scale Graphic scale

Cartography A map must have: map frame map title orientation grid / graticule scale / scalebar legend / symbol explanation map projection A map can also have: author / year / location source of information reference maps copyrights logos etc. A map should be beautiful...