composed by Dr. M A Islam EEE, IIUC

In the last 100 years, the Earth warmed up by ~1° C 100 years is nothing by geological time scales! M A Islam, EEE, IIUC

Climate change due to natural causes (solar variations, volcanoes, etc.) Climate change due to natural causes and human generated greenhouse gases Can we predict the past? M A Islam, EEE, IIUC

CO 2 Concentration, Temperature, and Sea Level Continue to Rise Long after Emissions are Reduced 100 years 1,000 years Sea-level rise due to ice melting: several millennia Sea-level rise due to thermal expansion: centuries to millennia Temperature stabilization: a few centuries CO 2 stabilization: 100 to 300 years CO 2 emissions CO 2 emissions peak 0 to 100 years Today M A Islam, EEE, IIUC

… but there may be a bigger problem! Chu M A Islam, EEE, IIUC

Consumption of Energy Increased by 85% Between 1970 and 1999 By 2020, Consumption will Triple M A Islam, EEE, IIUC

2010 M A Islam, EEE, IIUC

Energy conservation and efficiency can buy time (a factor of ~2) but the fundamental problem remains M A Islam, EEE, IIUC

Electrical generation Switch from petroleum to coal and natural gas Why has hydroelectric declined? When did nuclear go up? M A Islam, EEE, IIUC

Numbers = how long it would last if all energy came from one source Resource recoverable recoverable and hoped for Coal Petroleum 5 50? Natural gas 5 50? Oil shale Conventional reactors 3 15 Breeder reactors Fusion 10 6 to 10 9 Geothermal surface deep rock Estimates of depletable energy resources in the U.S. M A Islam, EEE, IIUC

Numbers = proportion of current U.S. energy needs that could be supplied for an indefinite period. Tidal energy 0.1 Organic Waste 0.1 Photosynthesis 0.23 Hydropower 0.14 Wind Power 5 Solar radiation 740 Estimates of renewable energy M A Islam, EEE, IIUC

(in the U.S. in 2002) 1-4 ¢ ¢ 6-8 ¢5-7 ¢ 6-7 ¢ ¢ Cost, ¢/kW-hr Courtesy Nate Lewis CoalGasOilWindNuclearSolar Cost M A Islam, EEE, IIUC

Brazil Europe $0.05/kW-hr Courtesy Nate Lewis M A Islam, EEE, IIUC

Potential Sources of Energy when Fossil Fuels Run Out Nuclear Fission Magnetic Plasma Confinement, Inertial Fusion Waste & Nuclear Proliferation Nuclear Fusion 10 TW = 10,000 new 1 GW reactors: i.e., a new reactor every other day for the next 50 years M A Islam, EEE, IIUC

Solar, Wind and Water We do not know how to store electrical energy on a massive scale M A Islam, EEE, IIUC

Geothermal Heat near surface of the earth = geysers, volcanoes, hot springs M A Islam, EEE, IIUC

Photosynthesis Photovoltaic and electricity to chemical H O O H sc M e e M CO Sugar H O O Solar to Chemical Energy Semiconductor/ liquid junctions M A Islam, EEE, IIUC

“Unlike corn ethanol, cellulosic ethanol has potential to achieve near-zero net carbon emissions. Cultivation of cellulosic feedstocks requires very low energy inputs and, if sustainably managed, the carbon released during fuel combustion is reabsorbed by the growth of new feedstocks.” M A Islam, EEE, IIUC

Use heat to make steam to turn turbine for electrical generation Note: deep hot waters are corrosive to best to inject clean water in a closed system and bring it back to the surface as steam. Geothermal Energy in More Details M A Islam, EEE, IIUC

In U.S., much done on public land = cheap Very little potential in east and mid west M A Islam, EEE, IIUC

World wide distribution of volcanos, hot springs, etc. Japan, Iceland,New Zealand big users of geothermal. M A Islam, EEE, IIUC

Although hot areas near surface are limited, the earth is hot everywhere if you go down far enough. M A Islam, EEE, IIUC

Bright idea!? – drill deep enough to find heat. Since rock is a poor conductor of heat, set off a big bomb to crack the rock and allow heat to move – then pump down water to make steam. M A Islam, EEE, IIUC

Hydropower in More Details M A Islam, EEE, IIUC

Hydropower = dams Not much used in world, why?? M A Islam, EEE, IIUC

Norway, Zambia, Ghana big users M A Islam, EEE, IIUC

Most unused hydropower in U.S. = Alaska, In World = Canada, Russia M A Islam, EEE, IIUC

o It is also another absolutely clean source of energy. o Hydroelectricity does not "use" water, all of the water is returned to its source of origin. o Hydroelectric power can be created 24/7 indefinitely assuming that the body of water it is utilizing never runs dry. o The power plants, once in place, do not create any waste byproducts in their conversion. o Dams constructed can also shut their gates and conserve the water for use when power is in higher demand. o Location = unused rivers are in extreme north or low population areas o Competition with recreational uses and environmental concerns o Hard to build dams in populated river valleys o Siltation of dams – limited life. M A Islam, EEE, IIUC

Tidal Power 1.In areas of large tides 2.Anywhere – build offshore dam M A Islam, EEE, IIUC

Highest tides in the world = Bay of Fundy 16 meters = 48+ feet! Tidal power anywhere 1.No dam – but a turbine. M A Islam, EEE, IIUC

Advantages of Tidal Energy 1) It is an inexhaustible source of energy. 2) Tidal energy is environment friendly energy and doesn't produce greenhouse gases. 3) As 71% of Earth’s surface is covered by water, there is scope to generate this energy on large scale. 4) We can predict the rise and fall of tides as they follow cyclic fashion. 5) Efficiency of tidal power is far greater as compared to coal, solar or wind energy. Its efficiency is around 80%. 6) Although cost of construction of tidal power is high but maintenance costs are relatively low. 7) Tidal Energy doesn’t require any kind of fuel to run. 8) The life of tidal energy power plant is very long. 9) The energy density of tidal energy is relatively higher than other renewable energy sources.coal M A Islam, EEE, IIUC

Disadvantages of Tidal Energy 1) Cost of construction of tidal power plant is high. 2) There are very few ideal locations for construction of plant and they too are localized to coastal regions only. 3) Intensity of sea waves is unpredictable and there can be damage to power generation units. 4) Influences aquatic life adversely and can disrupt migration of fish. 5) The actual generation is for a short period of time. The tides only happen twice a day so electricity can be produced only for that time. 6) Frozen sea, low or weak tides, straight shorelines, low tidal rise or fall are some of the obstructions. 7) This technology is still not cost effective and more technological advancements are required to make it commercially viable. 8) Usually the places where tidal energy is produced are far away from the places where it is consumed. This transmission is expensive and difficult. M A Islam, EEE, IIUC

Banning Pass Wind Power in More Details M A Islam, EEE, IIUC

Best wind location = Aleutian Islands, why no wind development there? M A Islam, EEE, IIUC

Best U.S. localities Midwest, mountains And coastal areas. M A Islam, EEE, IIUC

Netherlands = coastal development M A Islam, EEE, IIUC

England = off shore M A Islam, EEE, IIUC

ADVANTAGES OF WIND POWER: 1. The wind is free and with modern technology it can be captured efficiently. 2. Once the wind turbine is built the energy it produces does not cause green house gases or other pollutants. 3. Although wind turbines can be very tall each takes up only a small plot of land. This means that the land below can still be used. This is especially the case in agricultural areas as farming can still continue. 4. Many people find wind farms an interesting feature of the landscape. 5. Remote areas that are not connected to the electricity power grid can use wind turbines to produce their own supply. 6. Wind turbines have a role to play in both the developed and third world. 7. Wind turbines are available in a range of sizes which means a vast range of people and businesses can use them. Single households to small towns and villages can make good use of range of wind turbines available today. M A Islam, EEE, IIUC

DISADVANTAGES OF WIND POWER: 1. The strength of the wind is not constant and it varies from zero to storm force. This means that wind turbines do not produce the same amount of electricity all the time. There will be times when they produce no electricity at all. 2. Many people feel that the countryside should be left untouched, without these large structures being built. The landscape should left in its natural form for everyone to enjoy. 3. Wind turbines are noisy. Each one can generate the same level of noise as a family car travelling at 70 mph. 4. Many people see large wind turbines as unsightly structures and not pleasant or interesting to look at. They disfigure the countryside and are generally ugly. 5. When wind turbines are being manufactured some pollution is produced. Therefore wind power does produce some pollution. 6. Large wind farms are needed to provide entire communities with enough electricity. For example, the largest single turbine available today can only provide enough electricity for 475 homes, when running at full capacity. How many would be needed for a town of people? M A Islam, EEE, IIUC

Solar Energy in More Details 1. Solar Thermal M A Islam, EEE, IIUC

At focal point = heat liquid – steam to turn turbine M A Islam, EEE, IIUC

Hard = 1.Big plants 2.Centralized production Soft = 1.Decentralized 2. units per household M A Islam, EEE, IIUC

Energy efficient house; wind power on roof. Solar panels for heat and electricity. M A Islam, EEE, IIUC

Solar electricity generation M A Islam, EEE, IIUC

Solar water heating solar air heating M A Islam, EEE, IIUC

1. Solar energy is free although there is a cost in the building of ‘collectors’ and other equipment required to convert solar energy into electricity or hot water. 2. Solar energy does not cause pollution. However, solar collectors and other associated equipment / machines are manufactured in factories that in turn cause some pollution. 3. Solar energy can be used in remote areas where it is too expensive to extend the electricity power grid. 4. Many everyday items such as calculators and other low power consuming devices can be powered by solar energy effectively. 5. It is estimated that the worlds oil reserves will last for 30 to 40 years. On the other hand, solar energy is infinite (forever). ADVANTGES OF SOLAR ENERGY M A Islam, EEE, IIUC

1. Solar energy can only be harnessed when it is daytime and sunny. 2. Solar collectors, panels and cells are relatively expensive to manufacture although prices are falling rapidly. 3. Solar power stations can be built but they do not match the power output of similar sized conventional power stations. They are also very expensive. 4. In countries such as the UK, the unreliable climate means that solar energy is also unreliable as a source of energy. Cloudy skies reduce its effectiveness. 5. Large areas of land are required to capture the suns energy. Collectors are usually arranged together especially when electricity is to be produced and used in the same location. 6. Solar power is used to charge batteries so that solar powered devices can be used at night. However, the batteries are large and heavy and need storage space. They also need replacing from time to time. DISADVANTAGES OF SOLAR ENERGY M A Islam, EEE, IIUC