COMPSCI 111 / 111G An introduction to practical computing Hardware

Teaching Staff y Prof Andre Nies Lectures 1 - 10 Office: Computer Science Building (Bldg 303S) Room 565 Email: andre@cs.auckland.ac.nz Office hours: Tue Th 2pm Stefan Wender Lectures 11 - 15 Office: Computer Science Building (Bldg 303S) Room 587 Email: s.wender@cs.auckland.ac.nz Office Hours: Open door policy (or email for appointment) y COMPSCI 111 / 111G 2

Teaching Staff Damir Azhar Lectures 16 - 23 Office: Computer Science Building (Bldg 303S) Room 596 Email: dazh001@aucklanduni.ac.nz Office Hours: Open door policy (or email for appointment) Prof Pat Langley Lectures 24 – 30 Email: p.langley@auckland.ac.nz Office Hours: Tuesday 11am, Thursday 11am, Friday 2pm Ann Cameron (Lab Tutor / Course Coordinator) Office: Computer Science Building (Bldg 303S) Room 594 Email: ann@cs.auckland.ac.nz Open door policy (or email for appointment) See Ann if there are any problems COMPSCI 111 / 111G

Computer Science Support Group See http://www.cs.auckland.ac.nz/uoa/home/for/currentstudents/advisersandsupport/ Ann Cameron Angela Chang Adriana Ferraro Paul Denny Radu Nicolescu Andrew Luxton-Reilly Patricia Rood COMPSCI 111 / 111G

Contents Introduction Internet Hardware, Digital Information, Software Internet WWW, Email, Forums, Blog, Wiki Social networking, filesharing Social issues and risks Home / Office Applications and Publication Tools Word Processing, Spreadsheets, Databases HTML, PowerPoint, LaTeX Programming Python Special Topics (1 lecture each) History, Computer Graphics, Artificial Intelligence, Python easy to use Course has Broad coverage. Wikipedia ok as source Labs: Practical skills. Get more efficient as computer usersby knowing how they work Recurremt theme: Technology changes rapidly I young: WWW no, laptop no, PC no Google, Wikipedia since about 2001 COMPSCI 111 / 111G 5

Course Requirements Required reading Assessment Course book (selected topics) and Lab manual are required (available from University Book Shop) Online resources (slides, web links) on course website: http://www.cs.auckland.ac.nz/courses/compsci111s2c Assessment Labs 20% Practical Test (29 August, 6:30pm) 20% Theory Exam 60% Theory Must pass both practical and theory (≥50% each). Lab attendance is compulsory. Course book: things more formally specified, more detail Lab manual. Need THIS semester Lectures recorded, on Cecil Need to get 10% in PRACTICAL. Don’ tmiss labs, 3 hours each COMPSCI 111 / 111G 6

Laboratories Overview Assessment Location Designed to provide practical experience Prepare for labs by reading the lab manual, course notes and/or online sources Friendly atmosphere. Talk to other students. Assessment Compulsory three hour lab each week (start in week 2) 9 labs, worth 20% of final grade 10% of each lab for attendance (be there on time at the beginning) Must hand in your lab assignment before the start of the following lab Location First Floor Teaching Laboratory (FTL), Room 175, Building 303 Bring your student ID and a USB stick (flash drive) to labs. A cheap one is fine. Remember: you need ≥50% of practical part to pass the course. After 3 hour lab, have one week to prepare lab report, hand it at next lab. Casual /friendly COMPSCI 111 / 111G 7

Study Time management Internet resources Getting started 10 hours per course per week. 3 hours lectures 3 hour lab 4 hours reading, lab report Internet resources http://www.cs.auckland.ac.nz/courses/compsci111s2c http://en.wikipedia.org/ Getting started Get course reference book and 2014 S2 lab manual from UBS Log into a computer, read your email (when emailing staff, use your university email account) Avg student gets avg grade by 10 h. Top student who wants C, spend LESS. Fragile wanting A spend MORE COMPSCI 111 / 111G 8

Who wants to be class representative? Easy job, 2 meetings. Class reps come together in a meeting, discuss problems with staff. Pizza Sit on dept committee Good for CV Elect next time COMPSCI 111 / 111G

Hardware Argonne supercomputer COMPSCI 111 / 111G

Server Farm COMPSCI 111 / 111G Server farms really big, Huge building with racks and racks and racks of hard drives. Consume so much power they are next to power stations. US just builsd power stations to get power to server farms. Today talk abt personal computers COMPSCI 111 / 111G

Design of a Personal Computer Communication Processing Input Design hasn’t changed much since 70s Any hardware classified into one of the 5 categories Processing – Computer can perform arithmetic and logical operations. Storage: long term , non volatile (can switch of computer) From the human to computer – input keyboard – voice activation From computer to human- output (screen) BOTH: touchscreen Communication: with other computers Output Storage COMPSCI 111 / 111G

Introduction to Hardware Computer Hardware “Those parts of the system that you can hit with a hammer (not advised) are called hardware” Modular modular Standardized ports and plug, so can replace parts Mac : all in one. Beautiful but can’t replace pieces. Similar with laptop YS: Newer monitors usually have LCD (liquid crystal display) or LED (light-emitting diode) displays. These can be made very thin, and they are often called flat panel displays. Older monitors used to use CRT (cathode ray tube) displays. CRT monitors are much bigger and heavier, and they take up more desk space. Most monitors have control buttons that allow you to change your monitor's display settings LED displays are actually LCD displays that are backlit with light-emitting diodes. This allows for greater contrast than a traditional LCD display. Monitor Keyboard Mouse System Unit http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_hardware COMPSCI 111 / 111G

Inside the System Unit Modular Components Power Supply CD Drives Cooling Fans CPU Motherboard Hard Drives Expansion Cards Have you ever looked inside a computer case before, or seen pictures of the inside of one? The small parts may look complicated, but the inside of a computer case really isn't all that mysterious. COMPSCI 111 / 111G

Power Supply Converts AC to lower DC voltage COMPSCI 111 / 111G The power supply unit in a computer converts the power from the wall outle (AC) t to the type of power needed by the computer (DC). It sends power through the cables to the motherboard and other components. Prone to failure Expensive provdies more stable system If you decide to open the computer case and take a look, make sure to unplug the computer first. Before touching the inside of the computer, you should touch a grounded metal object (or a metal part of the computer casing) to discharge any static buildup. Static electricity can be transmitted through the computer circuits and ruin them. COMPSCI 111 / 111G

*Not really cards but graphics and IO chips Inside a Laptop Cooling fans CPU Motherboard Flash drive Expansion cards* RAM Power Supply (batteries) *Not really cards but graphics and IO chips http://www.ifixit.com/Teardown/MacBook+Pro+15-Inch+Retina+Display+Mid+2012+Teardown/9462/1 COMPSCI 111 / 111G

Hitting MacBook with hammer All components are there, even communic (WIFI) COMPSCI 111 / 111G

Motherboard Main circuit board for the computer Everything else connects to the motherboard Design hasn’t changed much in 20 yrs Main function is to provides space to plug other things in: CPU, RAM, Hard drive It's a thin plate that holds the CPU, memory, connectors for the hard drive and optical drives, expansion cards to control the video and audio, as well as connections to your computer's ports (such as the USB ports). The motherboard connects directly or indirectly to every part of the computer. Sisterboard: e.g. memory COMPSCI 111 / 111G

Processor CPU (Central Processing Unit) Speed Cooling "Brain" Follows instructions Speed Computation speed often measured in operations per second (OPS) Clock speed (Hz) is the speed with which electrical signals pass through the CPU The faster the better, except ... Cooling ... heat is one of the major limitations The faster the CPU the hotter it gets CPU must be kept cool Cooling fan, Heat sink, Water cooled Brain Lots of pins, mostly housing, the actual CPU is like a fingernail Perfomance: Million of OPS Add two numbers from registers, test, shift numbers Some architectures are more complex than others. Even if lower OPS, could be faster. Store gives info of clock speed. Number of cycles/second Today most > 1GHz. A few smaller Heat up by sending all that electricity “PUFF” Today mostly temperature sensor to shut them down if they run too hot. Water cooled better Supercomputers: liquid N Limitation: getting rid of heat Why so small? Short Distances help. If speed is 1 GHz, How far does light move in one cycle? ------------------------------------------- The Central Processing Unit (CPU), also called a processor, is located inside the computer case on the motherboard. It is sometimes called the brain of the computer, and its job is to carry out commands. Whenever you press a key, click the mouse, or start an application, you're sending instructions to the CPU. The CPU is generally a 2-inch ceramic square with a silicon chip located inside. The chip is usually about the size of a thumbnail. The CPU fits into the motherboard's CPU socket, which is covered by the heat sink, an object that absorbs heat from the CPU. A processor's speed is measured in megahertz (MHz), or millions of instructions per second, and gigahertz (GHz), or billions of instructions per second. A faster processor can execute instructions more quickly. However, the actual speed of the computer depends on the speed of many different components—not just the processor. CPU that use less electricity and less hot -- mobile devices COMPSCI 111 / 111G

Gordon E. Moore (co-founder of Intel) Moore’s Law (1965) The number of transistors on a single integrated circuit doubles approximately every 18 months, while the price remains the same. (Originally Moore said “every 2 years”.) Gordon E. Moore (co-founder of Intel) In 3 Years Potentially 4 times the work in the same time In 15 years 1,000 times as powerful In 30 years 1,000,000 times as powerful Gordon Moore, Fairchild semiconductors, first silicon chip (circuitry on wafer of silicon) Intel co founder, created very first CPU Number of transistors is good measure of processing power. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moore%27s_law COMPSCI 111 / 111G

Transistors on Chip under electron microscope Other sizes: Virus 20 – 300 nm, bacterium 1-10 micrometer COMPSCI 111 / 111G

Clock Speed of CPUs Speed CPU 1 MHz 6502 (Apple II 1977) 4 MHz 8088 (IBM XT 1981) 16 MHz 80286 (IBM AT) 66-100 MHz 80486 (1989) 75 - 166 MHz Intel Pentium / AMD K5 (1993) 166 - 233 MHz Intel Pentium MMX 200 - 450 MHz Intel Pentium II / AMD K6 400MHz - 1 GHz Intel Pentium III / AMD Athlon 1 – 3.4 GHz Intel Pentium 4 / AMD Athlon XP(2000) 1.6 - 3.4 GHz Intel Core i7 (2010) 3.7-4.4 GHz IBM POWER7+ AL Retry things they have tried in 70s where Reaching physical limits Other options quantyum computing Light carries higher information YK ARM - Embedded devices mobile, gps, and dvd. COMPSCI 111 / 111G

Other criteria for quality Power efficiency and heat are just as important as processor speed. Processors have several cores now. Commonly from 2 to 8. Examples of other processors: ARM, a family of instruction set architectures for computer processors based on reduced instruction set computing (RISC). Used in mobile devices Things are more complicated now (the GHz haven’t changed in 10 years). Several cores (2-8) Quadcore Need new approach to programming for these processors so can use multiple cores COMPSCI 111 / 111G