 Foam types and application procedures  Foam type currently in inventory  Calculations for foam flows / PSI  Response to Trucks / Trains  SPFD Response Bulletin

What is foam? “…an aggregate of air-filled bubbles formed from aqueous solutions which is lower in density than flammable liquids. It is used principally to form a cohesive floating blanket on flammable and combustible liquids, and prevents or extinguishes fire by excluding air and cooling the fuel. It also prevents reignition by suppressing formation of flammable vapors. It has the property of adhering to surfaces, which provides a degree of exposure protection from adjacent fires” (NFPA 11).

Why use foam? Only agent capable of suppressing vapors & providing visible proof of security Foam blanket on unignited spill can prevent fire Suppression of vapors prevents them from finding ignition source

Why use foam? Can provide post-fire security by protecting hazard until it can be secured / removed Can provide protection from flammable liquids for fire & rescue personnel during emergency operations

How foam works: Foam can:  Exclude oxygen from fuel vapors  Cool fuel surface with water content of foam  Prevent release of flammable vapors from fuel surface  Emulsify fuel

How foam works: Foam tetrahedron:  Before being used must be proportioned & aerated  4 elements:  Foam concentrate  Water  Air  Aeration

What is foam not effective on? Foam is not effective on Class C electrical fires:  Foam contains 94–97% water & water conducts electricity  Class C fires can be extinguished using nonconductive extinguishing agents

What is foam not effective on? Foam is not effective on 3-dimensional fires:  Recommended to first control spill fire  Extinguish flowing fire using dry chemical agent

What is foam not effective on? Foam is not effective on pressurized gases:  Vapor pressure too high for foam to be effective  Examples:  Acetylene  Butadiene  Butane  LPG  Propane  Vinyl chloride

What is foam not effective on? Foam is not effective on combustible metals:  Combustible metals usually react with water  Fires involving combustible metals require specialized techniques & extinguishing agents

What is foam effective on? Effective at suppressing vapors & extinguishing Class B fires 2 categories of Class B products:  Hydrocarbons  Polar solvents Hydrocarbons Polar solvents

Foam terminology: Foam concentrate Foam solution Finished foam

FOAM EXTINGUISHES FLAMMABLE OR COMBUSTIBLLIQUID FIRES IN FOUR WAYS: 1. Excludes air from the flammable vapors. 2. Eliminates vapor release from fuel surface. 3. Separates the flames from the fuel surface. 4. Cools the fuel surface and surrounding metal

Types of foam: Protein foam Fluoroprotein foams AFFF FFFP AR foam

Foam characteristics: Knockdown Heat resistance Fuel tolerance Vapor suppression Alcohol tolerance

PropertyProteinFluoroproteinAFFFFFFPAR-AFFF KnockdownFairGoodExcellentGoodExcellent Heat Resistance Excellent FairGood Fuel ToleranceFairExcellentModerateGood Vapor Suppression Excellent Good Alcohol Tolerance None Excellent Source: National Foam

AFFF’s are a combination of fluorochemical surfactants and synthetic foaming agents. AFFF’s extinguish fires by forming a aqueous film. This film is a thin layer of foam solution that spreads rapidly across the surface of a hydrocarbon fuel causing dramatic fire knockdown.

Alcohol resistant-AFFF foams act as a conventional AFFF on hydrocarbon fuels, forming an aqueous film on the surface of the hydrocarbon fuel. When used on polar solvents (or water miscible fuels), the polysaccharide polymer forms a tough membrane which separates the foam from the fuel and prevents the destruction of the foam blanket AR-AFFF

Foam proportioning & delivery systems:  Concentration levels:  Hydrocarbons: 3%  Polar solvents: 6%  Foam proportioning systems:  Eductors:  In-line eductors: Advantages

Foam proportioning & delivery systems: Foam proportioning systems:  Eductors:  Bypass eductors  Common eductor failures

Foam proportioning & delivery systems: Foam proportioning systems:  Foam nozzles:  Foam proportioning nozzles:  Advantages

Foam proportioning & delivery systems: Foam proportioning systems:  Air aspirating nozzles  Non-air aspirating nozzles

Application techniques: Rain-down:  Nozzle elevated & foam allowed to fall over spill as gently as possible

AR foams: Use Type II application techniques:  Apply indirectly to fire Type III application:  Effective only when deflected off surfaces  Best option may be to protect surrounding exposures

Require higher flow rate of foam to extinguish fires: AFFF-type: 1 gpm foam / 10 ft 2 burning surface on hydrocarbon-type fuel Ethanol-blended fuels: 2 gpm foam / 10 ft 2 of AR type foam

AR foams effective on both alcohol & hydrocarbon fires: Some have quicker knockdown abilities & longer foam retention times than protein-based hydrocarbon foams Thermal imaging camera use recommended Foam delivery systems such as foam tanks & totes cannot be shaken & remixed easily Foam can stratify; must have maintenance program for re-agitation

AR-AFFF Foam Concentrate Locations 30 Gallons on E Western Ave (Fairchild trailer). 500 gallons on E-2. (for Gulf) 990 gallons (825 on trailer 165 Gulf gallons (825 on trailer and 1475 storage & Mobil gallons (825 on trailer and 2475 storage & Citgo. AFFF Foam Concentrate Locations 500 Gallons on E-6 SPFD Foam Trailer has 990 Gallons Numerous 55 gallon Central (2000 gallons) Trailers (2) Portland Pipe Line (1) Sprague (1) Global

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Click on for SOG Tank Farm and Terminal Operations

This is where it begins! Suezmax These vessels weigh from 120,000 to 200,000 dead weight tons, with a capacity of 1 million barrels of oil (42 millions gallons). This is the largest size tanker that can travel through the Suez Canal.

Tank Size (diameter) Tank 26 is 200 feet Tank 23 is 150 feet Application Rate:.16 GPM per SQ Foot 65 minutes Application Time

Tank 23 Foam Solution 2826 gpm Foam needed for 65 minutes = 5511 gallons Tank 26 Foam Solution 5024 gpm Foam needed for 65 minutes = 9815 gallons

Full Surface Hydrocarbon Basic equation: Tank Area x F low Rate x Run Time in Minutes Diameter GPM Flow Foam Concentrate Flow (GPM) Water Flow (GPM) Total Flow (GPM) Total Concentrate Required for 65 min (gallons) 150 diameter 3.14 x r 2 (0.16)(65) 3.14 X 75 2 = 17,662.6 x.16 = 2826 gallons per minute 3 % foam calculation: 2826 X.03= 85 gpm foam and 2826 – 85 =2741 gpm water 2826 X 65 = 183,690 gallons (Total Flow) Total Water required = 178,179 gallons Total Foam required = 5511 gallons 200 diameter 3.14 x r 2 (0.16)(65) 3.14 X = x.16 = 5024 gallons per minute 3 % foam calculation: 5024 X.03= 151 gpm foam and 5024 – 151 = 4873 gpm water 5024 X 65 = 326,560 gallons (Total Flow) Total Water required = 316,745 gallons Total Foam required = 9815 gallons

 Life Safety  Water supply This is most important!  Exposures  Incident Command structure  Public Information  Notifications  Develop Operational Plan  Are we in a hurry?

AVERAGE GALLONS

 33,000 gallons (normally only Crude or similar products in Maine / no gasoline or ethanol)

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Hydrocarbon Spill (AFFF) Basic equation: Area x Flow Rate x Run Time in Minutes (AFFF) (L x W) x (0.16)(15) Example: 25 x 40 Spill 25 X 40 = 1000 X.16 = 160 gpm flow Total Foam Concentrate required = 2400 gallons 5 gallons of foam per minute for a total of 75 gallons Total water required = 2325 gallons 2 Handlines at 126 gpm

Polar Solvent Spill (Ethanol) (AR-AFFF) Basic equation: Area x Flow Rate x Run Time in Minutes (AFFF) (L x W) x (0.30)(15) Example: 25 x 40 Spill 25 X 40 = 1000 X.30 = 300 gpm flow Total Foam Concentrate required = 4500 gallons 9 gallons of foam per minute for a total of 135 gallons Total water required = 4365 gallons 3 Handlines (each at 125gpm)

 Based on 3 – 1 3/4 hand lines  125 gpm each  3% AFFF or AR-AFFF  15 minute application rate  375 gallons of solution x 15 minutes  170 Gallons Foam  5455 Gallons Water

To: All Personnel Date: February 26, 2014 From: Chief Guimond Subject: Out of Town Petroleum Response When we receive a mutual aid request for a petroleum emergency, spill or fire, the following shall be the running assignment. Engine 5 and the duty chief will respond immediately to the scene. They will give a report, establish a water supply, and request any additional resources. Our job is foam application and technical assistance. (If Engine 5 is using Truck 1 take Engine 3) Engine 8 will be responsible for sending the Prime Mover to Cash Corner to pick up the foam trailer with additional AFFF foam, or Gulf’s trailer for AR-AFFF foam dependant on product involved. The prime Mover and trailer will respond to the scene as a team with Engine 8, Engine 6 (500 gallons AFFF), and Engine 2 with (500 gallons of AR-AFFF). Response: Engine 5, Engine 8, Engine 6, Engine 2, PM-2 with foam trailer Duty Chief Units will meet at Central and respond as a group other than Engine 5 and Duty Chief Engine 1 and truck 1 will be in service with call back crews to provide coverage within the city (An all hands should be requested by the duty chief if a long term commitment is anticipated) Engine 3 will be put in service to cover Cash Corner Squad 4 will be moved to central to cover and organize any additional resources needed. Truck 2 will be put in service