FOREST MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS Learning Goal: to be able to use appropriate terminology relating to forestry practices.

SILVICULTURE “The art and science of reproducing and growing trees and forests in a sustainable manner for the benefit of society.”

FORESTRY PRACTICES Video -- Sustainable Logging -- National Geographic Video -- Sustainable Logging -- National Geographic Clear cutting Selection Cutting Shelterwood Sanitation Cutting

1. CLEARCUTTING An even-aged system where all or nearly all of the trees are harvested at one time. ClearcutSelective Adapted from Baughman, et al., Woodland Stewardship. P

Clear-Cut Forest

Clear-Cutting: Pros/Cons

2. SELECTION CUTTING An uneven-aged system where trees of all sizes are harvested on a cycle of about years. Some of the forest remains standing Selection Cut Adapted from Baughman, et al., Woodland Stewardship. P. 37.

Selection-Cut Forest

Selection-Cutting: Pros/Cons

3. SHELTERWOOD An even-aged system where two cuts are used. The first cut leaves the best trees standing as seed sources to regenerate forests. Once the new crop is established, the final removal cut is made which simulates growth of new forest. Remaining Crop Should Be: Windfirm Good Seeders Undamaged by Logging UniformGroupStrip Adapted from Baughman, et al., Woodland Stewardship. P. 36.

Shelterwood Forest

The removal of dead or diseased/infected trees to stop the spread of infection SANITATION CUTTING

HOW DID WE DO? Forest Management in Ontario Learning Goal: to be able to use appropriate terminology relating to sustainable forestry practices.

Structure of Forests and Biodiversity Forest: Ecosystem where dominant plants are trees 50% of Canada’s land Canadian forests make up 10% of world’s forests

Types of Forests in Canada

Forest Regions of Canada 1. Temperate Rainforest: Southwest BC western hemlock, W red cedar, yellow cedar, firs, and spruce floor covered with ferns and wildflowers black & grizzly bears, black-tailed deer, frogs and slugs Video -- Canadian Rain Forest -- National Geographic Video -- Canadian Rain Forest -- National Geographic

2. Boreal Forests most of Canada spruce, birch, pine, larch, popular & fir more than 300 species of birds wolves, woodland caribou, grizzly bears… importance:

3.Carolinian Forest southern Ontario only 1% of Canada highest species biodiversity in Canada deciduous trees like oak, black walnut, hickory… birds, flying squirrels, snakes etc. Mature Carolinian forest conserved by Nature Conservancy of Canada | Solid Waste & Recycling Magazine Mature Carolinian forest conserved by Nature Conservancy of Canada | Solid Waste & Recycling Magazine

4. Acadian Forest Atlantic Canada sugar maple, yellow birch, eastern hemlock, balsam fir forest floor: mosses, fungi, ferns & wildflowers deer, foxes, bobcats, bird… VNY VNY

Structure of Forests 1. Canopy: leaves and branches of mature trees crowns (tops) receives most sunlight habitat for birds and insects provides shade for rest of forest

2. The Understory made of young trees, shrubs, bushes adapted to living in shade dogwood, berry shrubs insects, snakes, birds, bats, mammals

3. Forest Floor decomposing leaves & trees, animal droppings important in nutrient cycling nitrogen and phosphorus released into soil and taken into plants ferns, mosses, wildflowers and fungi birds, rodents, amphibians…

Ecosystem Services reduce erosion store carbon cycling nutrients (C, N, P) purifying water provide habitat timber resources non-timber resources ex.