Bacteria: Classification and Structure

What are the 6 Kingdoms? Archaebacteria Eubacteria Protists Fungi Plants Animals

We are looking at the first two Archaebacteria Eubacteria

Classification of Bacteria Archaebacteria: extremists Eubacteria: –Heterotrophs –Photosynthetic autotrophs –Chemosynthetic autotrophs

Archaebacteria Live in extreme locations: –Oxygen-free environments –Concentrated salt-water –Hot, acidic water

METHANOGENS These Archaebacteria are anaerobes. They make methane (natural gas) as a waste product. They are found in swamp sediments, sewage, and in buried landfills

HALOPILIES These are salt-loving Archaebacteria that grow in places like the Great Salt Lake of Utah  dark pink.  The pigment for a type of photosynthesis that does not produce oxygen. Aerobic

THERMOPHILIES These are Archaebacteria from hot springs and other high temperature environments Anaerobic

Eubacteria - Heterotrophs Found everywhere Parasites: live off of other organisms Saprobes: live off of dead organisms or waste (recyclers)

Eubacteria: Photosynthetic Autotrophs Photosynthetic: make their own food from light Cyanobacteria: blue-green, yellow, or red ponds, streams, moist areas

Eubacteria-Photosynthetic Cyanobacteria

Cyanobacteria were the first organisms on Earth to do modern photosynthesis and they made the first oxygen in the Earth's atmosphere.

BENEFICIAL BACTERIA Actinomycetes, produce antibiotics such as streptomycin

BENEFICIAL Bacteria live symbiotically in the guts of animals or elsewhere in their bodies. E. coli

BENEFICIAL Bacteria in your gut produce vitamin K which is essential to blood clot formation.

Bacteria put the tang in yogurt and the sour in sourdough bread. Saprobes help to break down dead organic matter. Bacteria make up the base of the food web in many environments.

Eubacteria: Chemosynthetic Autotrophs Get energy by breaking down inorganic substances like sulfur and nitrogen Make nitrogen in the air usable for plantsMake nitrogen in the air usable for plants {Very Important}

Structure of Bacteria Two parts to Bacteria Structure: –Arrangement –Shape

Arrangement Paired: diplo Grape-like clusters: staphylo Chains: strepto

Shape Rod: bacillus Spheres: coccus Spirals: spirillum

Examples Streptococcus: chains of spheres Staphylospirillum: Grapelike clusters of spirals Streptobacillus: Chains of rods

GRAM STAINING The Gram stain, which divides most clinically significant bacteria into two main groups, is the first step in bacterial identification. Bacteria stained purple are Gram + - their cell walls have thick petidoglycan Bacteria stained pink are Gram – their cell walls have have thin peptidoglycan

GRAM STAINING STEPS The Gram stain has four steps: 1. crystal violet, the primary stain: followed by 2. iodine, which acts as a mordant by forming a crystal violet-iodine complex, then 3. alcohol, which decolorizes, followed by 4. safranin, the counterstain

GRAM STAIN POSITIVE It is one of the most common bacteria isolated from infections in horses. Like other streptococci, S. zooepidemicus is a Gram positive coccus, meaning that it stains purple with Gram stain

GRAM STAIN POSITIVE Streptococcus Pink is gram stain negative bacteria E. coli

GRAM STAIN POSITIVE Bacillus anthracis, the cause of anthrax (endospores that can be inhaled, through pores in the skin)

GRAM STAIN NEGATIVE E. coli

GRAM STAIN NEGATIVE Spirillium