1. 12.2 Revolt of the Netherlands, Spain, England, The Armada

2. Battle of Lepanto Beat back the Turks who were at the gates of Vienna in Austria Commanded by Don Juan, half brother of Philip II Pretty much annihilated the Turkish Fleet

3. Battle of Lepanto

4. Duke of Alba At the behest of Philip II, his reign of terror over the Netherlands lasted 6 years Instituted the Council of Blood Forced the Netherlanders to pay taxes to maintain the suppression Executed ‘heretics’

5. Duke of Alba

6. William of Orange Became leader of the movement to free the Netherlands from Philip II’s rule Went from Catholic, to Lutheran to Calvinist after the St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre Enlisted the services of the “sea beggars” Was assassinated in 1584 Convinced Elizabeth I that England would be next after the Netherlands

7. William of Orange

8. Mary Queen of Scots Cousin to Elizabeth Legitimate queen of Scotland Sought legal protection in England in 1568 She became a rallying cry for Catholics in England and against Elizabeth I In the almost 20 years she was a “guest” in England, she was at the heart of several conspiracies against Elizabeth Finally executed in 1587

9. Mary Queen of Scots

10. New Anglican Church under Elizabeth I Centralized episcopal system Act of Uniformity with a new Book of Common Prayer for every parish Issuance of Thirty-Nine Articles creating a moderate Protestantism Inflexible religious extremes were not permitted

11. Sir. Francis Drake By successfully raiding Spain’s port city of Cádiz, he inflicted heavy damage on Spanish ships This postponed Spain’s planned invasion of England

12. Sir. Francis Drake