1. 09/03/20161 WASTE MANAGEMENT IN THE MARINE SPACE

2. 09/03/20162 SHIPPING AND WASTE The shipping sector is both a carrier and a generator of waste.

3. 09/03/20163 DEFINITION OF WASTE

4. 09/03/20164 ‘The unwanted or unused by-products of human activities.’ (Dowdeswell, 1995, 134). ‘… the solid, liquid or, occasionally, gaseous by-product that must be accommodated in the environment in some way.’ (Blowers, 1993, 71). ‘a man-made thing that has no Purpose; or is not able to perform with respect to its Purpose.’ (Pongracz, 2002).

5. 09/03/20165 ‘any material, substance, object, or its residue or by-product, in all states of matter, which (a) is rejected, discarded or abandoned; or (b) is disposed of or is intended to be disposed of or is required to be disposed of.’ (The Ministry of Land and Environment, Jamaica, 2005, 4).

6. 09/03/20166 ‘a man-made thing, which in a given time and place, in its actual Structure, is not useful to its owner, or an output that does not have any owner.’ (Pongracz and Pohjola, 2004, 146). ‘any substance or object … which the holder discards or intends or is required to discard.’ (Directives 2006/12/EC and 75/442/EEC of the European Parliament).

7. 09/03/20167 ‘material produced by or resulting from a manufacturing, industrial, or commercial process’. This is contingent upon the material being categorized as a co-product, by-product, expended material or abandoned or disposed material.’ (The Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection, 1998).

8. 09/03/20168 SOLID WASTE “Any solid, semi-solid, contained liquid, or contained gaseous materials discarded from industrial, commercial, mining, or agricultural operations, and from community activities.” The term solid waste does not necessarily denote the physical state of the material.

9. 09/03/20169 CLASSIFICATIONS OF WASTE 1. Origin 2. Physical state 3. Characteristics 4. Any combination of 1 – 3.

10. 09/03/201610 TYPES OF WASTE i. Hazardous ii. Biodegradable iii. Non-biodegradable

11. 09/03/201611 ORIGIN Household/domestic, ship-generated, processing, cleaning, demolition, commercial, mining, forestry, industrial, construction, energy conversion, agricultural, emissions treatment, etc.

12. 09/03/201612 PHYSICAL STATE Liquid:(oil, bilge, ballast water, grey water, sewage) Gaseous: (air emissions, gases) Solid: (metal, plastics, lashings, etc.) Semisolid: (sludge, etc.)

13. 09/03/201613 CHARACTERISTICS i. Bio-degradable ii. Combustible iii. Inert iv. Hazardous

14. 09/03/201614 CHARACTERISTICS OF HAZARDOUS WASTE Carcinogenic Explosive Bio-accumulative Poisonousness Teratogenic Inflammability Radioactiveness Mutagenic Corrosiveness

15. 09/03/201615 WASTE MANAGEMENT AND THE KUZNETS CURVE The Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) expresses the correlation between the economic transformation of an economy and corresponding changes in environmental quality over a period of time. Three distinct stages are identified during the EKC: The early stage of economic growth: largely synonymous with environmental degradation, increasing income inequality, low per capita income, minimal application of technology and the early transition from agriculture to industrial development.

16. 09/03/201616 The middle stage: Environmental degradation and income inequality reach a plateau and appear to be at their maximum.

17. 09/03/201617 The late stage: income inequality declines and per capita income is higher than during the earlier stage. Environmental degradation also declines, presumably as the society becomes wealthier, the economy transitions increasingly into services compared with heavy industry, environmental quality becomes a societal concern, technology improves and there is both a willingness and the ability to afford more resources to address environmental problems.

18. 09/03/201618

19. 09/03/201619 THE LAW AND MARINE WASTE The Basel Convention, MARPOL 73/78, SOLAS, The International Maritime Dangerous Goods Code (IMDG Code), The Code of Safe Practices for Bulk Cargoes (BC Code), The International Convention for Safe Containers (CSC), The Code of Safe Practice for Cargo Stowage and Securing - limit the movement of waste (types and quantities) by ships.

20. 09/03/201620 Several bilateral and regional agreements address the movement of waste over the marine space. Code of Practice on the International Transboundary Movement of Radioactive Waste.

21. 09/03/201621 PRESSURE TO EXPORT WASTE i.The NIMBY Syndrome. ii.Poverty in the receiving country. iii.High levels of technology in specific receiving countries – France, etc.

22. 09/03/201622 PRIOR INFORMED CONSENT The principle of prior informed consent (PIC) requires that hazardous waste exports do not occur without a competent authority in the recipient country is notified in advance and gives written consent. A very weak principle opened to corruption.

23. 09/03/201623 WASTE MANAGEMENT 1. Waste reduction, Product design, Closed- loop manufacturing 2. Sorting – at source, waste disposal site 3. Waste to Energy 4. Recycling, reusing, refurbishing 5. Landfilling, Incinerating

24. 09/03/201624 WASTE BEHAVIOUR IN THE MARINE SPACE Dispersion and Diffusion Dilution / Concentration Settlement on the seafloor Incorporation into the marine life Entanglement and coating Ecosystem / Habitat modification

25. 09/03/201625 THANK YOU.