2. The American Civil War

3. Causes ► 1. States Rights – how much control over states should the Federal Government have? ► 2. Slavery – Federal Government was increasingly restrictive towards the expansion of slavery ► 3. Territorial Expansion – what was the direction of the state? ► 4. Economic Issues - Tariffs pitted Industry vs. farmers ► 5. Nullification Controversy – South Carolina placed in their constitution the ability to nullify bad laws. ► 6. Southern response to anti-slavery – the South was defending slavery like a badge ► 7. The Election of 1860 – Southern states said they would leave if Abraham Lincoln was elected. He won, they left.

4. Continued ► 8. Political factors – The confederacy considered their home state their “country.” The Union was considered a voluntary compact. ► 9. Sectional differences- again, the need for industrial or agricultural needs dominated political agendas. ► 10. Through the early stages of America, both sides developed divergent lifestyles. ► 11. The Union needed a strong central government for the infrastructure for industry ► 12. The Confederacy felt a strong federal government was not needed and that a strong government could interfere with slavery.

5. Secession ► South Carolina was the first state to leave the Union. ► Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Louisiana, Mississippi, and Texas would eventually secede as well. ► They formed the Confederate States of America. ► Each state was sovereign and independent, and slavery was guaranteed in the constitution. ► Jefferson Davis was elected President of the Confederacy.

7. Attempts at Compromise with Slavery President Lincoln’s Positions Senator Crittenden’s Positions Secessionists Positions What They Shared What They Shared

8. Civil War Advantages ► Union Advantages ►-►-►-►- ►-►-►-►- ►-►-►-►- ►-►-►-►- ►-►-►-►- ►-►-►-►- ►-►-►-►- ►-►-►-►- ► Confederate Advantages ►-►- ►-►- ►-►- ►-►- ►-►- ►-►- ►-►- ►-►-

9. The Union Dissolves ► The Fall of Fort Sumter – this federal fort was in Charleston S.C. ► This placed Lincoln in a tough situation – he feared losing more states. ► Throughout the war, Lincoln faced a difficult balancing act to keep slave states from leaving the Union. ► Northern Advantages: ► 1. Population. 2. Industry 3. Economic factors. 4. Railroads 5. The Navy stayed with the North. ► Southern Advantages : ► 1. Fight a Defensive War (just outlast the North) 2. Military Leadership 3. Potential for Foreign assistance. ► * If the Confederacy could just hang on long enough, the North would lose interest

10. The Struggle Begins ► 1 st Battle of Bull Run. ► Also known as Manassas. Lincoln ordered 35,000 troops to this sight. Gen Scott didn’t feel the Union was ready. ► Led by “Stonewall” Jackson, this was a Confederate Victory. ► 1. This damaged the Union Psyche ► 2. Inflated Confederate confidence. ► 3. Made everyone realize that this would be a longer conflict that everyone realized. ► -Robert E. Lee would head Confederate forces. ► George McClellan would head the Union force.

11. The North and South Face Off ► Strategies: North ► Anaconda Plan ► 1. Capture Richmond, Va ► 2. Control Mississippi Riv. ► 3. Blockade of Southern Coast (Naval) ► Eastern Theater – East of Appalachian Mnts. ► Western Theater – Appl, to the Mississippi River ► Confederacy: ► 1. Capture Washington ► 2. Invade the North ► 3. Seek Foreign assistance ► 4. Just hang on

12. Let’s get Started ►Y►Y►Y►You are a soldier in the Union Army. The war has been going on for three years, with no end in sight. How do you get through each day?

13. Fighting the War ► Through 1862 the Confederacy won most of the Battles ► Shiloh – heavy losses, Ulysses S. Grant won this battle and dealt a huge blow to the Confederacy. ► New Orleans – allowed the Union to gain control of the Mississippi ► Yorktown, Seven Pines, 7 days campaign – demonstrated to Lincoln that McClellan was inept for the job. ► John Pope took over for McClellan in the 2 nd Battle of Bull Run. McClellan replace Pope following this loss. ► Many now wondered if the war was worth it – bad for Lincoln. ► Antietam – worst single losses in U.S. history. 25,000 lost. The Rebels were allowed to escape. McClellan was removed again.

14. Emancipation Proclamation ► Following Antietam, Lincoln had the victory that he needed ► The Emancipation Proclamation freed the slaves in Confederate states only – it was a war strategy. ► If he did this before a major win, it would look like he was desperate. It also marks the change in major goals for the Union.

15. Continued ► Ambrose Burnside replaced McClellan ► Fredericksburg – 114,000 Union troops lost to a smaller Conf. army- horrible losses ► Burnside was replaced by Gen. Joseph Hooker ► Chancellorsville – Hooker took an army of 134,000 and lost. ► Gettysburg – The single most important battle in American history – a Union victory. ► Nearly 45,000 were lost ► Gettysburg Address – Lincoln gave the greatest of American speeches on the importance of Democracy. ► Hooker would be replaced by Ulysses Grant

16. Draft Riots ► In 1863 Lincoln called for state Govs. To draft men into state militias. In New York, 1000 would be killed or wounded. ► The South actually started the first Draft in 1862, they called it Conscription.

17. Gettysburg- July 1 st -3 rd, 1863

18. The Final Phase ► Grant understood that the war had to become a War of Attrition – make war against your enemy's ability to fight a war. ► Gen William T. Sherman – “The march to the sea.” He would destroy everything in his path. Atlanta would fall in September of 1864. Once finished, Sherman would turn north. ► Surrender at Appomattox. Gen. Lee fought to the end, but was forced to surrender most of the Confederate army to Grant. ► There were acts of kindness here. ► Grant understood the idea of “not kicking a dead horse.”

20. Cost of the War ► This was the deadliest war in American History. ► 2.5 million would serve in the armies. ► 650,000 died or were wounded. ► Incalculable in terms of money ► Scars from this conflict would take generations to heal.