1. CHAPTER 7 Rome and Its Empire World Civilizations: The Global Experience Fifth Edition Stearns/Adas/Schwartz/Gilbert Copyright 2007, Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Longman

2. Chapter 7: Rome and Its Empire Stearns et al., World Civilizations: The Global Experience, 5th Edition Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman, Copyright 2007 I. The Development of Rome’s Republic II. Roman Culture III. The Institutions of Empire IV. The Evolution of Rome’s Economic and Social Structure V. The Origins of Christianity VI. The Decline of Rome

3. Chapter 7: Rome and Its Empire Stearns et al., World Civilizations: The Global Experience, 5th Edition Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman, Copyright 2007 I. The Development of Rome’s Republic. Aristocracy v. people Senatusque populus romanorum The senate and people of Rome Tradition v. expansion A. Etruscan Beginnings and the Early Republic Complex racial makeup Indigenous Italians Indo-Europeans from north Greek colonies in the south Etruscan City-states Rome Independent from Etruscans c. 510 B.C.E. Republic v. monarchy Senate holds most power Two consuls Italy and the Aegean

4. Chapter 7: Rome and Its Empire Stearns et al., World Civilizations: The Global Experience, 5th Edition Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman, Copyright 2007 I. The Development of Rome’s Republic B. The Expansion of Rome Rivalry with neighbors Central, southern Italy by mid-4th century B.C.E. Parallel developments as territory expands Extension of citizenship Growth of military Punic Wars 146 B.C.E., Roman victory C. The Results of Expansion Polarization of rich and poor Weakens traditional balance Larger estates Numbers of slaves increase The Expansion of the Roman Empire, 133 B.C.E.

5. Chapter 7: Rome and Its Empire Stearns et al., World Civilizations: The Global Experience, 5th Edition Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman, Copyright 2007 I. The Development of Rome’s Republic D. The Crisis of the Republic Class conflict Tiberius Gracchus Program to redistribute land Assassinated Gaius Gracchus Brother of Tiberius Attempts to continue program Enforced suicide Generals take the initiative Marius forces Senate's hand Sulla supports Senate, defeats Marius Julius Caesar 49 B.C.E., takes power 44 B.C.E., assassination Civil War follows Caesar's nephew, Octavian victorious, 31 B.C.E. Initiates period of Roman Empire Augustus

6. Chapter 7: Rome and Its Empire Stearns et al., World Civilizations: The Global Experience, 5th Edition Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman, Copyright 2007 II. Roman Culture Period of social and constitutional crisis Increased borrowing from Greece, Hellenistic world A. The Range of Roman Art Much inspired or copied from Greece Roman differences Emphasis on rhetoric Roman engineering superior Arches Urban planning B. Major Themes in Roman Literature General move to court patronage Away from public Horace Ovid Livy Histories Vergil Aeneid

7. Chapter 7: Rome and Its Empire Stearns et al., World Civilizations: The Global Experience, 5th Edition Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman, Copyright 2007 III. The Institutions of Empire A. Imperial Rule Unification Inclusion, citizenship Protection of one law Appeal of Roman culture Military, especially at margins B. Augustus and His Successors Reforms Mystery religions banned Laws supporting marriage, family Building program Restructured provincial government Rewards to veterans

8. Chapter 7: Rome and Its Empire Stearns et al., World Civilizations: The Global Experience, 5th Edition Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman, Copyright 2007 III. The Institutions of Empire C. Government and Expansion Control of economy Commerce regulated especially grain supply Taxations system Public works: baths, stadiums, aqueducts Official religions supported Expansion Trajan (101-106 C.E. ) Greatest extent Stagnation, difficulties by 180 C.E. D. Roman Law Codification Precedent Principles Citizens gain protection of law The Expansion of the Roman Empire, 133 B.C.E.

9. Chapter 7: Rome and Its Empire Stearns et al., World Civilizations: The Global Experience, 5th Edition Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman, Copyright 2007 IV. The Evolution of Rome’s Economic and Social Structure Agrarian initially Merchant class added Family important Patriarchal Fathers had power of life and death in Republic Women had relative freedom Right to divorce A. Slavery in Rome Increases as a result of empire From captives Leads to stagnation in technology Farmers displaced by slavery Turn to military for employment B. Rome’s Economic Structure Variations across empire Some areas kept pre-Roman traditions

10. Chapter 7: Rome and Its Empire Stearns et al., World Civilizations: The Global Experience, 5th Edition Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman, Copyright 2007 V. The Origins of Christianity Christianity arises in Roman Empire but distanced from Roman culture A. Life and Death of Jesus Called for reform in Judaism Taught importance of love, charity, humility Especially popular among lower classes Antagonized leaders Crucified, 30 C.E. Popular following, but many Jews remain loyal to Judaism

11. Chapter 7: Rome and Its Empire Stearns et al., World Civilizations: The Global Experience, 5th Edition Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman, Copyright 2007 V. The Origins of Christianity B. Christianity Gains Converts and Religious Structure Approx. 10 % of Roman Empire by 4th century C.E. Offered salvation to all Filled spiritual needs as had mystery religions Spread via communication offered by empire Used roman-style structure Paul of Tarsus Greek follower Important in spread of Christianity C. Relations with the Roman Empire Christian religion Synthesis with Greek and Roman ideologies Refused to recognize imperial cult Persecution

12. Chapter 7: Rome and Its Empire Stearns et al., World Civilizations: The Global Experience, 5th Edition Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman, Copyright 2007 VI. The Decline of Rome Challenges Declining revenue Borders threatened Fewer slaves result from lack of new conquest Epidemics A. The Classical Mediterranean Heritage Passed on Greek culture With contributions in law, architecture, empire