1. ELAINE N. MARIEB EIGHTH EDITION 2 Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings PowerPoint ® Lecture Slide Presentation by Jerry L. Cook, Sam Houston University ESSENTIALS OF HUMAN ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY PART A Basic Chemistry

2. Section I Matter

3. Matter – anything that occupies space and has mass  Matter exists as a solid, liquid, or gas  Anatomy States of Matter Examples:  Solid – bones, teeth  Liquid – blood plasma, interstitial fluid  Gas – air

4. Phase changes  Matter can be changed physically or chemically  Physical changes – do not alter the basic nature of a substance  Example: ice melting, cutting food into smaller pieces  Chemical changes – do alter the composition of the substance  Example: fermenting grapes to make wine, digestion of food

5. Energy  Energy – the ability to do work  Kinetic energy – movement energy  Potential energy – inactive or stored energy

6. Forms of Energy

7. Composition of Matter  Elements  Fundamental units of matter  96% of the body is made from four elements  Carbon (C)  Oxygen (O)  Hydrogen (H)  Nitrogen (N)  Many more elements occur in smaller amounts or as trace elements

8. Atoms  Building blocks of elements  Elements are designated by a one or two letter chemical shorthand called a chemical symbol

9. Atomic Structure  Nucleus  Protons: positive charge  Neutrons: neutral charge  Outside of nucleus, found in orbitals:  Electrons: negative charge Figure 2.1

10. Section 2 : Biochemistry: Essentials for Life

11. I. Inorganic compounds : Lack carbon  Tend to be simpler compounds  Examples:  Water: H 2 O  Salts: NaCl  Some acids & bases: LiOH, HBr

12. Biochemistry: Essentials for Life II. Organic compounds: Contain carbon Examples of organic compounds: Carbohydrates: glucose Lipids: fats, steroids, waxes Proteins: enzymes, antibodies Nucleic Acids: DNA & RNA

13. MAJOR AREA in Section 2: Major Inorganic Compounds (4 of them) Water Salts Acids Bases

14. MAJOR AREA in Section 3: Major Organic Compounds (5 of them) Carbohydrate Lipid Proteins Nucleic Acid ATP

15. Important Inorganic Compounds 1. Water  Most abundant inorganic compounds  Accounts for two-thirds of body weight  60-80%

16. Properties of Water Vital properties  High heat capacity - absorbs and releases large amounts of heat  Polarity/solvent properties - water is the universal solvent  Chemical reactivity - water is a reactant in chemical reaction  Cushioning – water cushions around the brain, joints, and around a fetus

17. Important Inorganic Compounds 2. Salts  Easily dissociate into ions in the presence of water  Vital to many body functions  Example: Electrolytes which conduct electrical currents

18. Important Inorganic Compounds 3. Acids  Can release Hydrogen ions  Proton donator  Ex: Lemons, Citrus, HBr 4. Bases  Can release Hydroxide Ions (OH - )  Proton acceptors  Ex: LiOH, Pepto-Bismal

19. pH  Measures relative concentration of hydrogen ions  pH 7 = neutral  pH < 7 = acidic  pH > 7 = basic Figure 2.11

20. Important Organic Compounds 1. Carbohydrates  Contain C,H,O (carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen)  Classified according to size  Example: sugars and starches

21. Types of carbohydrates Monosaccharides  Simple sugar  Made of 3 to 7 carbon atoms  Examples:  Glucose - cereals and grains  Ribose - sugar found naturally in body  DeoxyRIBOnucleic Acid (DNA)  Deoxyribose - found in sugar, bread and potatoes (DNA)

22. Types of carbohydrates Disaccharides  Double sugars formed when two simple sugars are joined  Examples:  Sucrose – cane sugar  Lactose – milk sugar  Maltose – malt sugar

23. Types of carbohydrates Polysaccharides  Long branching chains of linked simple sugars  Large storage products  Examples:  Starch - cereal grains, pasta  Glycogen - most cuts of meat  Short term energy source

24. Carbohydrates

25. Important Organic Compounds 2. Lipids  Contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen (C, H, O)  Carbon and hydrogen outnumber oxygen  Insoluble in water

26. Lipids  Common lipids in the human body  1. Neutral fats (triglycerides)  Found in fat deposits, where they insulate and protect from heat loss and bumps  Composed of fatty acids and glycerol  Source of stored energy

27. Lipids  2. Phospholipids  Form cell membranes, lipid bilayer  Allows lipid bilayer to be selective about what enters and leaves  3. Steroids  Include cholesterol, bile salts, vitamin D, and some hormones

28. Cholesterol  The basis for all steroids made in the body Figure 2.14c

29. Important Organic Compounds 3. Proteins  Contain carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen, and sometimes sulfur  Make up 50% of organic matter in the body  Made up of amino acids  about 20 varieties of amino acids found in proteins  the sequence which they are bound together produces proteins that vary in structure and function

30. Proteins  Act as enzymes, hormones, and antibodies  Provides for construction materials for body tissues  Plays a vital role in cell function

31. Types of Proteins 1.Fibrous or structural proteins §provide strength to body tissues  Examples:  Collagen - in bones, cartilage, tendons  Keratin - in hair and nails

32. Types of Proteins 2. Globular or functional proteins do things and are important in almost all biological process ** Important in bio. processes  Examples:  Antibodies - provide immunity  Hormones - regulate growth and development  Enzymes - catalysts that regulate every chemical reaction

33. Enzymes  Act as biological catalysts  Increase the rate of chemical reactions  most enzymes end in the suffix -ASE Figure 2.17

34. Important Organic Compounds 4. Nucleic Acids  make up the genes that provide the blueprint of life  building blocks: nucleotides  3 parts  nitrogen-containing base  pentose sugar  a phosphate group  Examples:  DNA and RNA

35. Nucleic Acids DNA (Deoxyribonucleic acid)  Organized by complimentary bases to form double helix Figure 2.18c DNA determines INHERITED characteristics

36. DNA  DNA is the genetic material found within the cell nucleus  Has 2 functions: 1 - replicates itself before the cell divides 2 - provides instructions for building proteins in the body

37. RNA  located outside of the nucleus  carries out protein synthesis

38. Nucleotide bases DNA  (Adenine) A binds to T (Thymine)  (Guanine) G binds to C (Cytosine) RNA  A binds to U (Uracil)  G binds to C

39. Important Organic Compounds 5. Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)  Chemical energy used by all cells  Energy is released by breaking high energy phosphate bond  ATP is replenished by oxidation of food fuels

40. How ATP Drives Cellular Work Figure 2.20