1. ALFRED ADLER (INDIVIDUAL PSYCHOLOGY)

2. Do you know him/her ? What do you think about them ?

3. Their childhood: Little Hittler:
Foto kiri atas: Foto Hittler waktu kecil
Little Hittler:
Dark hair (not so typical Germany), Below average in height
Little Beethoven:
Child parent, Drunken father, Lost of hearing  Deaf
Little Ah Lee: Disabled, only 4 fingers with abnormal legs.

4. Social Psychodynamic
Background: the development of social science  sociology, anthropology  social psychodynamic
Theorists:
Alfred Adler (Individual Psychology)
Karen Horney (Social Psychoanalysis)
Erich Fromm (Humanistic Psychoanalysis)

5. Adler vs Freud F: aggresive & sex as human motivation
A: social interest (striving for superiority or success)
F: people have little or no choice
A: people are responsible for who they are
F: present behavior is caused by past experiences
A: present behavior is shaped by people’s view of the future
F: emphasis on unconscious
A: psychologically healthy people are aware of what they
are doing & why they are doing it.

6. Alfred Adler (1870 – 1937) Childhood: Poor health, serious illness
Unhappy competion with his brother: healthier. Continued into middle age: his brother is better in economic conditon.
Being traumatized by the death of his younger brother
Physical def iciencies (not SEX) formed the foundation for human motivation.
Member of Freud’s inner circle but not in a close interpersonal relationship
Adler’s personal qualities:optimistic attitude toward human condition, intense competitiveness coupled with friendly congeniality & strong belief in gender equality

7. Alfred Adler
“Motivation is unified and aimed toward either unhealthy goals (personal superiority) or healthy goals (success for everyone). Healthy striving is linked to social interest, or a feeling of oneness with humanity. Creative power and individual perceptions – not heredity or environment – are ultimately responsible for one’s style of life” (Feist & Feist, 2006)

8. The final statement of individual psychology (Adler, 1964)
Basically simple & parsimonious theory although depth & compexities writing of human personality.
People are born with weak, inferior bodies. It leads to feelings of inferiority & a consequent dependence on other people
Feeling of unity with others (social interest) is inherent in people & ultimate standard for psychological health.
6 Final statement of individual psychology:

9. The final statement of individual psychology (Adler, 1964)
Striving for success or superiority is a dynamic force behind people’s behavior
People’s subjective perception shape their behavior & personality
Personality is unified & self - consistent
The value of all human activity must be seen from the viewpoint of social interest
The self –consistent personality structure develops into a person’s style of life.
Style of life is molded by people’s creative power

10. A. Striving for Success or Superiority
Physical deficiencies  Feelings of inferiority  Striving for (personal) superiority or success (all humanity)
The development of Adler’s theory of human motivation:
Aggression drive
Masculine protest
Striving for superiority
Striving for success
 Striving force as compensation
Bedakan superiority complex dan inferiority complex
Masculine protest bisa dialami laki maupun perempuan, lihat glossary 8

11. The final goal Final goal is fictional & has no objective existence
Final goal unifies personality & renders all behavior comprehensible
Product of creative power: people’s ability to freely shape their behavior & create their own personality.
If children feel neglected or pampered, their goals remains largely unconscious, conversely if children experience love
People create & pursue many preliminary goals in striving their final goal.
Final goal harus fiktif, mis: ratu adil, sesuatu yang tidak pernah terjadi.
Terbentuk pada 5 tahun pertama.
Menjadi orang baik (bukan fiktif, karena bisa dicapai)
Final goal dioperasionalkan sudah tidak lagi menjadi fiktif, mis: mau masuk surga (fiktif) dilakukan dengan menolong sesama (tidak fiktif)
Neglected & pampered, goals nya unconscious

12. The striving force as compensation
All humans are “blessed” at birth with small, weak, and inferior bodies  feelings of inferiority because people possess an innate tendency toward completion or wholeness
Organ inferiority  need for completion or wholeness  Goal of superiority or success.
Striving for success is innate & must be developed
Sejak awal perasaan inferior ini dialami oleh manusia sebagai akibat dari perpindahan dari rahim ke dunia.

13. Striving for personal superiority
Little or no concern for others
Motivated largely by exaggerated feelings of personal inferiority/ the presence of an inferiority complex
Appear to be motivated by social interest, but his action are largely self-serving & motivated by overcompensation

14. Striving for success
Psychologically healthy people who are motivated by social interest & the success of all humankind.
They maintain a sense of self but they see daily problems from the view of society’s development
Social progress is more important than personal credit.

15. B. Subjective perceptions
Fictionalism
Most important fiction: the goal of superiority or success. It was created early in life.
This subjective, fictional final goal guides people’s style of life, gives unity to people’s personality
Vaihinger in The Philosophy of “As If”: fictions are ideas that have no real existence, yet they influence people as if they really existed.

16. C. Unity of Personality
Individual psychology , Adler wished to stress his belief that each person is unique & indivisible. Entire person operates with unity & self - consistency
Organ jargon/organ dialect: The deficient organ expresses the direction of the individual’s goal
 Through organ diaclect, the body’s organs speak a language which is usually more expressive & discloses the individual’s opinion more clearly than words are able to do.
Organ dialect, mis: orang pendek  cara bicara dll (Habibi)

17. C. Unity of Personality Conscious and Unconscious
Unified personality is the harmony between conscious & unconscious actions.
Organ dialect, mis: orang pendek  cara bicara dll (Habibi)
Adler menghindari dikotomi unconscious & conscious
Unconscious merupakan bagian dari tujuan yang tidak diformulasikan dengan jelas maupun
tidak dipahami secara utuh oleh individu.

18. D. Social Interest
Social Interest (Gemeinschaftsgefühl): social feeling or community feeling; feelings of oneness with all humanity.
It implies membership in the social community of all people.
Attitude of relatedness with humanity as well as an empathy for each member of human community.

19. D. Origin of Social Interest
Is rooted as potentiality in everyone but must be developed
Originates from the mother – child relationship during the early months of infancy
Mother & Father have a significant role in its development
The effects of the early social environment

20. D. Importance of Social Interest
Not synonymous with charity & unselfishness
Social interest was Adler criteria for measuring psychological health & is ‘the sole criterion of human values’
Healthy individuals are generaly concerned about people and have a goal of success that encompasses the well-being of all people.

21. 2 Basic methods of Striving toward the Final Goal

22. E. Style of Life The flavor of a person’s life.
Includes : personal goal, self-concept, feelings for others & attitude toward the world.
Product of the interaction of heredity, environment & a person’s creative power
Fairly well established by age 4/5
Psychologically healthy people behave in diverse & flexible ways with styles of life that are complex, enriched & changing.
Bisa dikaitkan dengan penyanyi/pemusik dengan life stylenya.

23. F. The Creative Power of The Self
A dynamic concept of implying movement and this movement is the most salient characteristic of life.
Creative power makes each person a free individual  control their own lives
We are our own architect and can build either a useful or a useless style of life.

24. Abnormal Development
General Description: underdeveloped social interest
External Factors in Maladjustment
Exaggerated Physical Deficiencies
Pampered Style of Life
Neglected Style of Life
Safeguarding Tendencies
Excuses
Aggression
Withdrawal
Masculine Protest

25. Applications of Individual Psy
Family constellation:
Different traits by birth order
Early recollection:
Indicator of style of life, final goal
Dreams:
provide clues for solving future problem.
Psychotherapy:
Purpose: to enhance courage, lessen feelings of inferiority & encourage social interest.

26. Freud – Jung -- Adler Freud Jung Adler Unconscious
Collective unconscious
Moderate on unconscious influence
Biological factors
Social factors
Determinism & pessimism
Neither pessimism nor optimism
Free choice & optimism
Middle position uniqueness vs similarities
Similarities
The uniqueness of individuals
Causality
Causal & Teleology
Teleology