1. The New South SS8H7 The student will evaluate key political, social, and economic changes that occurred in Georgia between 1877 and 1918. a. Evaluate the impact the Bourbon Triumvirate, Henry Grady, International Cotton Exposition, Tom Watson and the Populists, Rebecca Latimer Felton, the 1906 Atlanta Riot, the Leo Frank Case, and the county unit system had on Georgia during this period.

2. Bourbon Triumvirate Notes Bourbon Belief Tri-Venn Diagram

3. The Bourbon Triumvirate Three “redeemer” Southern Democrats controlled Georgia’s political policies for 20 years. Each worked to strengthen economic ties to the industrial North and profited from them. Each believed in limited government services. All Three favored white supremacy.

4. Joseph E Brown Governor of Georgia during the Civil War. Served as Chief Justice of Georgia’s Supreme Court after the war. Appointed US Senator from GA. 1880-1890

5. Alfred Colquitt Confederate General during the war. Elected Governor of Georgia 1876-1882 US Senator 1883-1894

6. John B Gordon Confederate General during the war. US Senator 1873-1879 and 1891-1897 Elected Governor of Georgia 1886-1890. Thought to have been a leading member of the KKK.

7. Political Views— 1. Redemption Years (restore Democratic rule in GA and prosperity to its economy) 2. Wanted stronger ties to Northern industries 3. Belief in White Supremacy and maintain many Southern and maintain many Southern traditions traditionsAccomplishments— 1. Lowered taxes 2. Reduced war debt 3. Expanded business and industry (YET did little to help poor whites and blacks, no improvements in education, factories and hospitals) Bourbon Triumvirate Summary

8. Editor of Atlanta Constitution newspaper. He wanted Georgia to be less agricultural and bring industry to the state. He promoted the “New South” and is credited with inventing the term. Graduate of UGA in 1688 Graduate of UGA in 1688 Southern correspondent for New York Herald Southern correspondent for New York Herald Henry Grady

9. The Lost Cause Many Confederate veterans wanted nothing to do with the North. They tried to stop the “progress” being promoted by Grady.

10. Atlanta Northern investments helped expand industrial growth in Georgia’s cities. Atlanta grew to become the largest city in the South.

11. Grady proclaimed Atlanta as a great city for its willing labor force and diversified industry. He traveled to Northern cities to promote investing in Georgia’s growing industries.

12. Political Views — 1. Leader of Atlanta Ring who were Democrat political leaders were Democrat political leaders who believed in a “New South” who believed in a “New South” program: program: a. Northern investment a. Northern investment b. Southern industrial growth b. Southern industrial growth c. Diversified farming c. Diversified farming d. White supremacy d. White supremacy 2. Superiority of Atlanta 3. Creating trust and unity between North and South Accomplishments— 1. Convinced northerners to invest in Atlanta industries 2. Established Georgia Institute of Technology (Georgia Tech) 3. Key player in Atlanta’s three Cotton Expositions in 1881, 1887, and 1895 (industrial fairs which attracted northern investments and created new jobs in Atlanta) 4. Atlanta becomes symbol of New South

13. Henry Grady to the Bay State Club of Boston, 1889 I attended a funeral once in Pickens county in my State.... This funeral was peculiarly sad. It was a poor fellow, whose breeches struck him under the armpits and hit him at the other end about the knee—he didn’t believe in fancy clothes. They buried him in the midst of a marble quarry: they cut through solid marble to make his grave; and yet a little tombstone they put above him was from Vermont. They buried him in the heart of a pine forest, and yet the pine coffin was imported from Cincinnati. They buried him within touch of an iron mine, and yet the nails in his coffin and the iron in the shovel that dug his grave were imported from Pittsburg. They buried him by the side of the best sheep-grazing country on the earth, and yet the wool in the coffin bands and the coffin bands themselves were brought from the North. The South didn’t furnish a thing on earth for that funeral but the corpse and the hole in the ground. There they put him away and the clods rattled down on his coffin, and they buried him in a New York coat and a Boston pair of shoes and a pair of breeches from Chicago and a shirt from Cincinnati, leaving him nothing to carry into the next world with him to remind him of the country in which he lived, and for which he fought for four years, but the chill of blood in his veins and bones. Now we have improved on that. We have got the biggest marble-cutting establishment on earth within a hundred yards of that grave. We have got a half-dozen woolen mills right around it, and iron mines, and iron furnaces, and iron factories. We are coming to meet you. We are going to take a noble revenge, as my friend, Mr. Carnegie, said last night, by invading every inch of your territory with iron, as you invaded ours twenty-nine years ago.

14. Response to Political Rhetoric Questions for Henry Grady’s Speech 1. What was Grady attending (where was he) in the story he told? 2. Name five (5) things that Grady says came from the North to help bury the man. 3. What does Henry Grady state has changed in the South? Name Three (3) things. 4. In your opinion, what is Grady trying to tell the people he is speaking to?

15. The Populist Party The Populist Party formed to demand reforms such as: –Income tax –Women’s right to vote –Government controlled railroads –Credit for farmers –Eight hour day for factory workers

16. The Populist Movement Began as an organization of farmers called the Farmers’ Alliance”. Poor farmers and middle class merchants felt the railroads were overcharging to ship their goods to market.

17. Who Would I Most Like to Meet? Complete chart

18. Thomas Watson Georgia politician who supported farmer’s rights. He worked to convince poor whites and blacks that they were not being fairly treated by Southern Democrats who favored wealthy whites and industry. Ran for vice-president of the Populist Party in 1896, but lost..

19. Attended Mercer University, and studied law on his own and became lawyer by age 21 1882 to 1890 served in General Assembly 1890 to 1894 Served in Congress 1896 Vice-Presidential Candidate for Populist Party 1904 Presidential candidate for Populist Party Advocated for white and black farmers— but sided with supremacist, anti- Semitic, and anti-Catholic in his last twenty years

20. Political Views— 1. Democrat turned Populist (fought for rights of common men-- farmers and factory workers) 2. First southern politician to speak for the interest of blacks in Georgia 3. Believed that farming reform can be made if whites and black united politically Accomplishments— 1. Introduced the Rural Free Delivery (RFD) bill which provide country resident free mail 2. Because of RFD, states built new roads and bridges in rural areas. 3. Use his weekly and monthly news magazines to influence Georgia politics and elections for GA governor

21. Election of 1892

22. Rebecca Latimer Felton Political activist for progressivism, especially women’s rights. First woman to serve in the U.S. Senate (1922) She served only one day. Despite her stands for women’s rights, she defended White supremacy. Valedictorian at Madison Female College in 1852 Ran newspaper with her husband Dr. William Felton Campaign Manager and advisor to her husband while he served in both state and U.S. Congress

23. Political Views— 1. Independent Democrat and opposed Bourbon Triumvirate views and their influence 2. Believed in social reform for poor and lower middle class Accomplishments 1. Ended convict lease system and improved prison conditions 2. Regulate alcohol traffic in Georgia 3. Established female vocational education 4. One of the leaders in achieving the 20 th Amendment

24. International Cotton Exposition Events in Atlanta in 1881, 1885 and 1895. It was intended to show of Atlanta as a modern city that had recovered from the war. Nearly a million people attended establishing the city as a leader of the New South.

25. The Atlanta Riot of 1906 Sept. 22-24, 1906 Newspapers falsely reported attacks on white women by African American men. The reports were part of a negative campaign led by political candidates Hoke Smith and Clark Howell. White mobs killed or wounded nearly 100 blacks during the riot.

26. Leo Frank Case Leo Frank was a Jewish Factory manager who was convicted of murdering a 13 year old girl. He was sentenced to death but the Governor later changed it to a life sentence. He was kidnapped from prison by an angry mob and lynched in 1915.

27. County Unit System The county unit system was designed by the Bourbon Triumvirate to control political power. Began in 1877 to organize counties by their population for the purpose of voting in primary elections. 8 urban- 6 votes each 30 town- 4 votes each 30 town- 4 votes each 121 rural- 2 votes each 121 rural- 2 votes each The system favored rural, white land owners but hurt African- Americans who had moved to the cities.

28. Democratic Control The Democratic Party could control who was elected through their primaries since they were virtually assured of winning the general election. This domination of politics became known as “One Party Rule”

29. Math Integration County Unit System (Be prepared to answer a similar question on the quiz.) Two candidates run for the office of Governor of Georgia during the Democratic primaries. Under the County Unit System the results were: Candidate A won: Candidate B won: 8 “urban” counties0 “urban” counties 28 “town” counties2 “town” counties 22 “rural” counties99 “rural” counties 1. Show your math work. 2. Who won? 3. Why was the winner of this election almost certain to win the general election for governor?

30. New South Terms Quiz Test Yourself—What do you know? Bourbon Triumvirate fraud Farmers Alliance Co-op Graduated income Tax County Unit System Suffrage Progressivism Anti-Semitism Populist Party 1. 1. A right to vote. 2. 2. A movement for government reform of problems created by industrialization and urbanization. 3. 3. A procedure for counting votes that favored rural areas. 4. 4. An agricultural organization formed to fight against lower railroad freight rates and interest rates. 5. 5. An act to deceive or misrepresent. 6. 6. A group of leaders who gained power after Reconstruction. 7. 7. To have a prejudice against Jewish people. 8. 8. A political group formed by farmers and labor organizations with new political ideas to protect the poor and middle class. 9. 9. The more money people make, the higher the taxes they pay. 10. 10. A store that allows members to buy directly from producers.