2. What are the three types of rocks that form the rock cycle? IgneousIgneous MetamorphicMetamorphic SedimentarySedimentary

3. lithification transformation of sediments into rock through compaction and cementation

4. Compaction the process in which pressure squeezed air and water out and pushes fragments together the process in which pressure squeezed air and water out and pushes fragments together pressure comes from rock layers pressure comes from rock layers

5. Cementation the process in which water and minerals combine to from cement that holds sediment together. the process in which water and minerals combine to from cement that holds sediment together.

6. Three Types of Sedimentary Rocks Clastic Sedimentary RocksClastic Sedimentary Rocks Evaporites Sedimentary RocksEvaporites Sedimentary Rocks Organic Sedimentary RocksOrganic Sedimentary Rocks organic - once living

7. Clastic Sedimentary Rocks Formed by sediments carried by wind, water, or ice and deposited elsewhereFormed by sediments carried by wind, water, or ice and deposited elsewhere

8. Clastic Sedimentary Rocks Conglomerate – cemented rounded gravel (older, weathered rock)Conglomerate – cemented rounded gravel (older, weathered rock) Breccia – cemented sharp cornered pieces (newly broken rock)Breccia – cemented sharp cornered pieces (newly broken rock) Sandstone – cemented sand sized grains that are mostly quartzSandstone – cemented sand sized grains that are mostly quartz

9. Chemical Sedimentary Rocks Formed from minerals that were once dissolved in waterFormed from minerals that were once dissolved in water

10. Evaporites Formed when a change in temperature caused water to be evaporatedFormed when a change in temperature caused water to be evaporated Examples: Gypsum and HaliteExamples: Gypsum and Halite HALITE GYPSUM

11. Organic Sedimentary Rock formed from the remains of living thingsformed from the remains of living things FOSSILIFOROUS LIMESTONE

12. Coal Formed from the remains of ancient decayed plantsFormed from the remains of ancient decayed plants BITUMINOUS COAL COAL POWER PLANT

13. Limestone the shells of calcite rich marine organisms like coral, clams, and oystersthe shells of calcite rich marine organisms like coral, clams, and oysters LIMESTONE WALL LIMESTONE

14. Metamorphic Rocks Are rocks formed from an increase in pressure and temperature deep within the lithosphere.Are rocks formed from an increase in pressure and temperature deep within the lithosphere.

15. Metamorphic rocks are classified by how they are formed. How are metamorphic rocks classified?

16. Three Types of Metamorphic Rocks Contact MetamorphismContact Metamorphism –occurs when molten rocks, such as those in an igneous intrusion, come in contact with solid rock

17. Regional Metamorphism are produced when high temperature and pressure affect large regions of Earth’s crust.are produced when high temperature and pressure affect large regions of Earth’s crust. the grade of regional metamorphism reflects the intensity of temperature and pressurethe grade of regional metamorphism reflects the intensity of temperature and pressure classified as low grade, intermediate grade, and high grade.classified as low grade, intermediate grade, and high grade.

18. Hydrothermal Metamorphism occurs when very hot water reacts with rock and alters its chemistry and mineralogyoccurs when very hot water reacts with rock and alters its chemistry and mineralogy hydrothermal fluids can dissolve some minerals, break down others, and deposit new mineralshydrothermal fluids can dissolve some minerals, break down others, and deposit new minerals is common around igneous intrusions and near active volcanoesis common around igneous intrusions and near active volcanoes

19. Nonfoliated composed mainly of minerals that form with blocky crystal shapes.composed mainly of minerals that form with blocky crystal shapes. –Quartzite and marble are two common examples of nonfoliated rocks.

20. Foliated metamorphic rocks are characterized by bands of mineralsmetamorphic rocks are characterized by bands of minerals high pressure during metamorphism causes minerals with flat or needlelike crystals to form with their long axes perpendicular to the pressurehigh pressure during metamorphism causes minerals with flat or needlelike crystals to form with their long axes perpendicular to the pressure

21. Igneous Rocks Igneous rocks are rocks that are formed from the crystallization of magma.Igneous rocks are rocks that are formed from the crystallization of magma. Heat and melting MagmaCooling and crystallization Igneous Rocks

22. Igneous Rocks Are Separated into Two Main Categories INTRUSIVE EXTRUSIVE

23. Extrusive Igneous Rocks Extrusive igneous rocks are fine-grained igneous rocks that cool quickly on Earth’s surface.Extrusive igneous rocks are fine-grained igneous rocks that cool quickly on Earth’s surface. Obsidian is an example of an extrusive igneous rock.Obsidian is an example of an extrusive igneous rock.

24. Intrusive Igneous Rocks Intrusive igneous rocks are coarse- grained igneous rocks that cool slowly beneath Earth’s surface.Intrusive igneous rocks are coarse- grained igneous rocks that cool slowly beneath Earth’s surface. Granite is the most common intrusive igneous rock.Granite is the most common intrusive igneous rock.

25. Igneous Rocks are Categorized by Texture Texture is determined by cooling timeTexture is determined by cooling time –Glassy –Fine Grained –Course Grained –Very Course Grained Cooled very fast Cooled fast Cooled slowly Cooled very slowly

26. Porphyritic Texture –A rock that has a porphyritic texture is characterized by large, well-formed crystals surrounded by finer-grained crystals of the same mineral or different minerals.

27. How are igneous rocks grouped? Igneous rocks are grouped by their mineral composition.

28. Felsic –contains more silicon –lighter in color –Granite –Makes up continental crust isiisi

29. Mafic –contains less silicon –darker in color –rich in iron and magnesium –Makes up oceanic crust

30. Intermediate –have characteristics of both felsic and mafic

31. Ultramafic –contains very little silicon –very dark in color –very rich in iron and magnesium –Earth’s mantle is ultramafic