1. GEPC Meetings at SciTech 2016 San Diego, CA January 2016 1

2. What is Green Engineering? Biofuels Renewable Energy Energy Conversion Efficiency Airframe Efficiency AIAA Conferences & Literature Recycling Operations Climate Monitoring GE.com Boeing.com Enviro.aero Wikipedia.org

3. GEPC Charter The purpose of the Green Engineering Program Committee (GEPC) is to promote a holistic, systems approach to improved energy efficiency, sustainability, renewable energy and ‘cradle-to- cradle’ design. GEPC serves as the AIAA focal point for all “green” aerospace-related programs and technologies, and works synergistically with the appropriate technical committees to assure that the AIAA membership is adequately informed about all aspects of this critical aerospace activity.

4. Green Engineering Program Committee Publication / Communications Tayo Ladeinde Awards Essam Khalil Education Charles Beard Membership Danielle Soban Service Subcommittee Representatives Technical Subcommittee Representatives Chair Marty Bradley Vice Chair (Future Chair) Andrew Gibson Past Chair Jason Slagle Conferences Andrew Gibson Liaison xxx Green Aviation - xxx Larry Leavitt – ERA Marty Bradley et al.– Electric Aircraft Green Energy - xxx Nicole Mendoza – Tethered Wind Turbines Jeremy Straub – Space Solar Power George Miley/Michael Houts - Advanced Nuclear Noel Bahktian – Energy Harvesting Marty Bradley – Geo-Engineering Nathan Hicks – Hydrogen Economy Standards xxx Public Policy XXX January 5, 2015 Red positions are open or may be in the near future

5. January 2016 GEPC Meeting Attendance Conference & Leadership Jan 5 1.Marty Bradley 2.Jeremy Straub 3.John Blanton 4.Nathan Hicks 5.Tarek Abdel-Salam 6.Charles Beard 7.Fay Collier 8.Keiichi Okai 9.Andrew Gibson 10.Jason Slagle (virtual) 11.George Miley (virtual) 12.Rich Wahls General Meeting Jan 6 1.Marty Bradley 2.Dave Hall 3.Charles Beard 4.Cheryl Bowman 5.Jennifer Cole [new] 6.Tarek Abdel-Salam 7.Andrew Gibson 8.Jerry Welch 9.Keiichi Okai 10.Jeremy Straub 11.Jonathan Gibbs 12.Jeffery Freeman [new] 13.Larry Leavitt 14.Gary Dale 15.Nathan Hicks 16.Michael Armstrong 17.Essam Khalil 18.Michael Butler 19.Rich Wahls 20.Chen Chuck [new] 21.Fay Collier 22.Dyna Bencherqui 23.Jason Slagle (virtual) 5

6. GEPC Meetings at SciTech 2016 in San Diego 6 Dinner Meeting Agenda Wednesday: Opening Remarks Technical Presentation – Topic: “Expanding the Hydrogen Economy: From Infrastructure To Marketplace” by GEPC Member Nathan Hicks Conference reports Subcommittee reports Action Items

7. Green Engineering Program Committee January 2015 to December 2015 Annual Report

8. Green Engineering (GEPC) Recent Conference Performance Issues / Help Needed None? Accomplishments Continue successful conference work: Call for Papers for SciTech16 and Space 2016. F360 and Invited sessions for SciTech, Aviation, P&E, and Space. GEPC to be focal for electric aircraft at P&E Increase effectiveness of all subcommittees Conduct successful face-to-face and virtual meetings Leverage Liaisons to generate more joint projects Newsletter and Twitter presence Initiatives & Plans Membership 62 Total –44 Regular –6 Associate –10 International –XX Non-Member Annual Report - January 2015 to December 2015 Roster workbook goes here P&E 2015 Space 2015 Jeremy Straub TAO Sessions: 1 invited Valerie Lyons TAO Sessions: 2 (1 Invited F360) Abstracts 6 Presented: 4 SciTech 2015 Franz-Josef Kahlen TAO Abstracts Received: 3 Abstracts Accepted: 3 Sessions: 5 (4 Invited) Withdrawals/No-Shows: 0 Presented: 26 Aviation 2015 Andy Gibson TAO Sessions: ? (? Invited, 1 Forum 360) Presented: ? We have a significant and diverse membership Planned & Held invited panel and technical sessions in 2015 at SciTech, Aviation, P&E and Space Initiated Call for Papers for SciTech16 Submitted 2014 annual report Wrote Aerospace America Year in Review article Maintained Green Engineering PC Facebook Page & Twitter Outreach: USC - Electric Aircraft Panel Virginia Tech– Green Aircraft Concepts & Techs K-12 STEM Challenge - LEAF – Lindbergh Electric Airplane Flight xxx GEPC face-to-face meetings at SciTech, Aviation, P&E GEPC virtual meetings in April, July, Dec Succession plan updated Developed 3 GEPC Policy Papers GEPC focal for electric aircraft at P&E NEED INPUTS & UPDATE

9. Governance Update Governance Update Visit from Tom Irvine 9

10. We need YOU to volunteer! Subcommittee Leaders  Liaison, Standards, Policy Conference TAO’s and Assistants  Space 2016, 2017, 2018  SciTech 2018  Aviation 2017, 2018  P&E 2017, 2018 Liaison with other TC’s, PC’s, and Organizations Help ANY subcommittee you have an interest in Help to address any action item from list ANYTHING you want to do! 10

11. Expanding the Hydrogen Economy: From Infrastructure To Marketplace PHYS 575 The Physics of Renewable Energies Prof. Wilkes Nathan S. Hicks June 4, 2015

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13. GEPC Conference Status January 6, 2015 13

14. GEPC General Meeting – Conference Status Space 2015 - Pasadena  Space Based Solar Power Session (Jeremy Straub) –35 attendees  Recommend continued involvement at Space 2016 14

15. GEPC General Meeting – Conference Status SciTech 2016 (Chris Hughes Larry Leavitt)  Concerning the ERA session(s) –I would say that one of their major areas will have been completely addressed after this SciTech. GEPC and ABPSI are jointly sponsoring two sessions on propulsion airframe integration results plus GEPC has a paper or two reporting the propulsion airframe aero acoustics aspects. There may also be a systems analysis paper in SciTech which will likely roll most everything up. So in my mind some of the system integration aspects will have been covered. But I'm not sure about the aerodynamics and structures and propulsion work. We just need to follow up on those though Fay and Gaudy will likely know if something is being prepared for Aviation and/or P&E. – Larry Leavitt –I think ERA is well covered at scitech this coming year. The papers I am aware of cover many of the topics we researched in ERA. So things have worked out well after all. ACTE is covered. PRSEUS is covered. And with two sessions on BWB plus Liebecks Dryden lecture it should be an exciting week. Detailed acoustics papers will show at the aero acoustics meeting in Lyon. Propulsion papers showed at the last IGTI and ISABE. So the word is getting out in an impressive way. - Best regards. Fay Collier 15

16. SciTech 2016 - Green Engineering Technical Sessions 6-ABPSI-1/GEPC-1 NASA ERA Systems Integration I 4-Jan 0900 hrs 1230 hrs Golden Hill B 59-ABPSI-2/GEPC-2 NASA ERA Systems Integration II 4-Jan 1400 hrs 1730 hrs Golden Hill B 185-GEPC-3 Noise Reduction and Flight Demonstrations 5-Jan 1400 hrs 1730 hrs America’s Cup A 289-GEPC-4 Alternative Fuels and Green Engineering Computations 6-Jan 1400 hrs 1730 hrs America’s Cup B 16 Standing Room Only

17. GEPC General Meeting – Conference Status Aviation 2016 (Andy Gibson ) - DC  Setting up 2 joint sessions related to electric aircraft with Transformational Flight PC (TFPC has 13 sessions). These would be triple sponsored (TFPC/GEPC/XXTC) P&E 2016 (Tarek Abdel-Salam, Marty Bradley) – Salt Lake City  Session ideas: F360 Session + Invited Session –NRC Committee on Low Carbon Aviation – report recommendations + SME’s for energy storage + energy systems (Marty to help coordinate with NRC committee) 17

18. GEPC General Meeting – Conference Status Space 2016 (Jeremy Straub, xxx) – Long Beach  Call for papers is coming out this week … closes at the end of Feb SciTech 2017 (Tarek Abdel-Salam, Nathan Hicks) – Grapevine TX  Planning meeting - Th Jan 7, 10-11am Cityview AB  Possible F360 GeoEngineering, Invited session: Hydrogen Economy Aviation 2017 (Jeremy Straub, xxx)[Fay Collier is General Chair for entire conference] - Denver  Planning meeting/telecon in March  Potential Erik Lindbergh as suggested Keynote speaker P&E 2017 (TBD, George Miley) - Atlanta  Potential for Advanced Nuclear Session Space 2017 (Jeremy, xxx) – Orlando FL SciTech 2018 (TBD, xxx) – Orlando FL 18

19. GEPC General Meeting – Conference Session Ideas Other topics (conference sessions not scheduled yet) 1.Geoengineering F360 Session (Marty) – waiting to hear from F360 Chair – possible F360 for SciTech 2017Geoengineering 2.Airborne Wind Turbines (Nicole Mendoza) – possible presentation to GEPC at SciTech 2017? 3.Energy Harvesting (Noel Bahktian) – possible presentation to GEPC at SciTech 2017? 4. Advanced Nuclear (George Miley/Michael Houts) – presentation on state of the art at P&E 2015 – possible future session? P&E 2017 5.Hydrogen Economy (Nathan Hicks) - presentation to GEPC at SciTech 2016 – possible future session? SciTech 2017 6.Possible Keynote Speaker (Erik Lindbergh) – Electric Aircraft and STEM Education 19

20. Possible Keynote Speaker (Erik Lindbergh) for Aviation 2017 – Electric Aircraft and STEM Education Erik, It appears to me like you might be a great “keynote speaker” at one of our conferences, rather than just talking to our relatively small group. Typically, each day of one of our AIAA conferences (there are 4-5 each year) is kicked off by an inspirational speaker. Have you ever done this at an AIAA conference? Your speech can have a lot more impact this way. Should I check into it? Thanks, Marty Yes – the more people the merrier! I did a keynote for AIAA San Diego around a decade ago – they filled up the San Diego Aerospace Museum. Let me know if I can help or provide info… Best, Erik Www.PoweringImagination.com 20

21. GEPC Subcommittee Status January 5, 2015 21

22. December 2015 GEPC Virtual Meeting Attendance Leadership Dec 7 Marty Bradley Jason Slagle Tarek Abdel-Salam Leadership Dec 8 Marty Bradley Tayo Ladeinde Andy Gibson Ruben Del Rosario General Meeting Dec 16 1.Marty Bradley 2.Cristina (?) 3.John Blanton 4.Naiara Petralanda 5.Tayo Ladeinde 6.Brien Seeley 7.Charles Beard 8.Mike Armstrong 9.Jonathan Gibbs 10.George Miley 11.David Ashpis 12.Andy Gibson 22

23. December GEPC Virtual Meeting - Agenda 1.Hybrid Electric Research at Embry Riddle Aeronautical University - Naiara Petralanda 2.SciTech 2016 GEPC Meetings 3.GEPC Leadership 4.Conference status  Space 2015 results - Jeremy Straub [not discussed]  SciTech 2016 planning – Larry Leavitt  Aviation 2016 planning – Andy Gibson  P&E 2016 planning - Tarek Abdel-Salam  Space 2016 planning – Jeremy Straub [not discussed]  SciTech 2017 planning - TBD 5.Other subcommittee status  Policy – Marty Bradley  Standards – Nathan Hicks [not discussed]  Year in Review Article – Gary Dale  Communications – Tayo Ladeinde  Awards – Essam Khalil [not discussed]  Membership – Dani Soban [not discussed] 6.Action items 23

24. Meeting Notes Propulsion and Energy Group – Jeff Hamstra  Governance – Change Constitution - Vote  P&E and Space Forums in 2019 – Co-locate in Indy in Aug 2019 if AIAA wins IAC (International Astronautical Congress) meeting bid  CASE (Complex Aerospace Systems Exchange) – Dianne DeTurris –Address failure in large scale systems –Cross-discipline systems engineering –Possible CASE Conference content for P&E 2017 – workshops, F360, tech sessions Program Committee Group Meeting – Peter Hartwich & Tom McLaughlin  Governance – Change Constitution – Vote  Annual Reports/Rosters due to AIAA Jan 31st  PC Health Assessments – GEPC – Basically the highest rated PC score –Green - Key products, Membership, Organization/interest areas –Yellow – Need Vice Chair 24

25. Meeting Notes Aircraft and Atmospheric Systems Group - Dimitri Mavris  Emphasized coordination between conference TAO’s to avoid duplication of sessions  PC’s need to have more representation at TAC and at Conferences  Will send me their updated Org Chart for liaison/coordination  Design competitions are another opportunity for coordination Airbreathing Propulsion – Jimmy Kenyon  Chen Chuck is new leader for “Inlets, Nozzles, and Propulsion Systems Integration” TC (new name for TC)  Jimmy Tai and Chris Perullo are leading the Engine Design Competition –We can join the effort if “green” performance parameters and technologies are included in RFP  Starting Linked-In group 25

26. Meeting Notes “More Electric Aircraft/Hybrid Electric Propulsion and Electric Propulsion R&D and Technologies” – Tom Irvine  “More Electric Aircraft/Hybrid Electric Propulsion/Electric Propulsion Workshop” at P&E 2016 in Salt Lake City - tentative  Mike Dudley – “Transformative Vertical Flight” 2 nd workshop overview – 3 rd workshop in Sept 2016 in Hartford CT  GEPC – Marty Bradley – Observations and recommendations –Also Coordinate with Energy Optimized PC  NASA –Rich Wahls – Will roll out roadmaps at Aviation 2016 –Starr Ginn – Future propulsion will be integrated with airplane. Electric propulsion at P&E is a “fish out of water”. John Narius also agreed that AIAA may want to challenge “propulsion mafia”  Brien Seeley – Sustainable Aviation – (formerly CAFÉ foundation) – Electric Aircraft Symposium – Regional Sky Transit (RST) - must be quiet for neighborhood acceptance – need to demo Ultra-Quiet- V/ESTOL – asking AIAA to support his contest - Green Flight Challenge II (GFC II)  ODM On-Demand Mobility Workshop – NASA/FAA – Electric Propulsion – Workshop bullet point roadmap summaries – Michael Patterson – Electric VTOL or Thin-Haul Commuter – Google: “NIA NASA ODM” – FAA positive and enthusiastic about consensus certification steps (GA-> Helicopters -> large aircraft)  Tom Irvine – Polls and questions –Use SciTech to coordinate between grass roots efforts as all TC’s and PC’s are here at SciTech. Maybe a F360 panel 26 AIAA to let us continue working as we are. Coordinate at SciTech each year

27. GEPC Observations & Recommendations on Electric Aircraft There is high interest in electric aircraft propulsion in industry, academia, and government International interest is especially high There is sufficient interest for sessions at SciTech, Aviation, and P&E There is no reason to expect people to attend all these conferences, plus international conferences, plus other NASA/FAA sponsored workshops, plus general aviation focused events But, there is also no reason to eliminate electric aircraft propulsion from any of the AIAA venues. – There are enough people with expertise at each conference It is not terrible if similar information is presented or discussed at Aviation and P&E as mostly different people attend 27

28. AIAA Public Policy Committee (PPC) 1.Key Issue Development Working Group 2.Congressional Visits Day Program Working Group 3.Forum Integration Working Group 4.States Advocacy Working Group 5.Engagement Activities Working Group 6.Honors and Awards Working Group http://www.aiaa.org/WorkingGroupScopes/ 28 contact Steve Sidorek at steves@aiaa.org

29. Meeting Notes Public Policy Committee Meeting – Steve Sidorek / John Rose  Largest attendance for SciTech with ~4000, ~2400 full paid, $’s  Governance Elements described  10 Policy Topics listed: (Sam …) – going to “the Board” on Thursday. Some controversy that TAC has not had input. GEPC did submit our 3 ideas, but status unknown. 1.A&D Funding and Procurement … FAA, NextGen, NASA 2.Xxxx 3. I had to leave and did not see the rest. They will send them to me. Terrestrial Energy Systems TC – Ryo S. Amano  Essam Khalil and Marty are listed as liaison for GEPC/TESTC  Keichi Okai will help TESTC with their Year in Review article 29

30. Meeting Notes Transformational Flight PC – Michael Patterson  Challenge Prizes (Mark Moore) –On Demand Mobility XPRIZE –CAFÉ Foundation – EHS 2016 Silicon Valley –Sustainable Aviation Foundation – Brien Seeley – also having an EHS May 6-7 2016 San Francisco  Technology Challenges/Gaps (K. Goodrich) –Roadmapping Workshop for ODM in Kansas City with 80 people »Electric Prop & Integration, simplified vehicle operations, integrated structures and manufact, airspace integration »Next workshop March in DC  Public/Private Partnerships (D. Stanley)  13 Aviation 2016 Sessions (A. Gibson/V. Stouffer)  TC liaison reports  Aircraft Design Competition (Rob McDonald) – How to get environmental performance included in RFP? Talk to Rob and he can get us connected. For undergrad, need canned formulas. For graduate, research can be done.  Big discussion of Electric Aircraft Meeting. TFPC is very concerned about “propulsion mafia” taking over, starting with workshop at P&E. Wants to get them to focus on preparing for a workshop at SciTech instead. Focus on “bridges” between small and large aircraft technologies? 30

31. Agenda 5.Other subcommittee status  Policy – Marty Bradley –3 position papers Elect Aircraft, EPA/ICAO CO2, FAA Airport routes and noise  Standards – Nathan Hicks –Lessons learned from Spacecraft Elect Propulsion standard  Year in Review Article – Gary Dale –Nice job … did everyone see it?  Communications – Tayo Ladeinde –Upcoming newsletter status? –Facebook and Twitter –Sharepoint  Awards – Essam Khalil – Many open actions  Membership – Dani Soban – Need updated roster by end of Jan 6.Action items 31

32. We need YOU to volunteer! Subcommittee Leaders  Liaison, Standards, Policy Conference TAO’s and Assistants  Space 2016, 2017, 2018  SciTech 2018  Aviation 2017, 2018  P&E 2017, 2018 Liaison with other TC’s, PC’s, and Organizations Help ANY subcommittee you have an interest in Help to address any action item from list ANYTHING you want to do! 32

33. Green Engineering Program Committee Publication / Communications Tayo Ladeinde Awards Essam Khalil Education Charles Beard Membership Danielle Soban Service Subcommittee Representatives Technical Subcommittee Representatives Chair Marty Bradley Vice Chair (Future Chair) Andrew Gibson Past Chair Jason Slagle Conferences Andrew Gibson Liaison xxx Green Aviation - xxx Larry Leavitt – ERA Marty Bradley et al.– Electric Aircraft Green Energy - xxx Nicole Mendoza – Tethered Wind Turbines Jeremy Straub – Space Solar Power George Miley/Michael Houts - Advanced Nuclear Noel Bahktian – Energy Harvesting Marty Bradley – Geo-Engineering Nathan Hicks – Hydrogen Economy Standards xxx Public Policy XXX January 5, 2015 Red positions are open or may be in the near future

34. GEPC Action Items January 2, 2015 34

35. Actions 122.Xxx 123.Yyy 124.zzz 35 Green = complete

36. Actions 116.Send out GEPC SciTech 2016 charts to membership - Marty 117.Talk to Aircraft Design TC (Rob McDonald) about including environmental performance in future RFP’s – Charles Beard and Tarek 118.Send info on Green Aviation textbook proposal to Tarek and Charles Beard - Marty 119.Coordinate with Aerospace Power TC – Michael Butler and Marty 120.Send out inquiry email about green engineering events in 2016 - Marty 121.Arrange for summaries of other green engineering events in 2016 - TBD 36 Green = complete

37. Actions 110. Prepare “lessons learned” from writing AIAA standard for “Electric Spacecraft Propulsion” – present to committee(s) interested in “Electric Aircraft Propulsion” – Nathan Hicks 111.Send out meeting list for SciTech16 & charts from Dec meetings to GEPC members - Marty 112.Double staffing on conference support (TAO and assistant for each conference) – Andy Gibson/Leadership Team 113.Send F360 Geoengineering Session Proposal to Tarek – Marty 114.Send F360 and Invited Session Proposal to Tarek - Marty 115.Send note to Fay Collier on using Erik Lindbergh as a Keynote speaker for Aviation 2017 37 Green = complete

38. Actions 103.Replace Chris Hughes as SciTech 2016 TAO – Andrew Gibson – Larry Leavitt will do it 104.Newsletter for SciTech16 – Tayo Ladeinde 105.Roster update – Dani Soban 106.Annual report – Marty 107.Send Tarek sample F360 Session Proposal - Marty 108.Organize Special sessions in the U.S. at an AIAA Conference – Hybrid Electric / Electric Transport Aircraft & Technologies – TBD 109.Organize Special Session – NRC Low Carbon Aviation Committee – Marty to prepare Session Proposal 38 Green = complete

39. Actions 95.Generate and distribute outline for Year in Review Article – YIR team + Marty 96.Larry Leavitt to check in with Gary Dale on starting the YIR article 97.Update the GEPC website when software is updated - Nathan Hicks 98.Prepare presentation on how to get research funding – Naiara Petralanda 99.Investigate MHD Electric Propulsion – Chiping Li 100.Coordinate with SAE on electric aircraft propulsion (talk to David Paisley david.j.paisley@boeing.com) – Mike Armstrong 101.Find new Liaison Subcommittee Leader – Marty 102.Identify session chairs for 2 SciTech16 GEPC Sessions – Conference Subcommittee – Andy Gibson, Larry Leavitt 39 Green = complete

40. Actions 88.Find advocate for EPA/ICAO policy paper – TBD 89.Present on Hydrogen Economy to GEPC at SciTech16 - Nathan Hicks 91.Find SciTech 2017 GEPC TAO – Tarek Abdel-Salam, Nathan Hicks 92.Check if AIAA is doing a policy position on EPA/ICAO – Dan Jensen 93.Provide GEPC info on European Clean Sky work package 1.6 – Mike Armstrong 40 Green = complete

41. Actions 84.Have Michael Houts contact Pavel Tsvetkkov Texas A&M Univ. – coordinate Nuclear Engineering activities with TES TC 85.Student Engine Design Competition – Contact Jimmy Tai of ABP TC’s – Doing Lightweight Trainer Aircraft Engine RFP – IF there is Green Content (Emissions, Noise) then GEPC should help. If not, try to get these elements into next year’s RFP - Tarek & Charles Beard 86.Provide a nomination from GEPC for the TES award – Essam 87.Investigate technical issue for Metroplex Policy topic – Marty – question send to FAA 41 Green = complete

42. Actions: 78.Respond to request from Tom Irvine on AIAA Women in Aerospace, relating AIAA and Aerospace positive message of “protecting the planet”. Tayo had idea for a reverse conference panel where young AIAA members answer questions from the (old) audience. – Tayo 79.Make minor updates to Newsletter and prepare for distribution before and at P&E – Tayo/Marty 80.Check into Lindbergh Electric Airplane STEM competition - GEPC should get involved – Jason Slagle to provide info, Marty to distribute – Marty to contact for speaker at future GEPC meeting – Jason Slagle to help 81.Check with Joaquin Castro on P&E related awards. Provide 1 or 2 GEPC related nomination packages – Essam. 42 Green = complete

43. Actions: 67.Energy Harvesting and/or Energy Water Nexus presentation for SciTech 2016 or 2017 – Noel Bahktian 68.Airborne Wind Turbine presentation for SciTech 2016 or 2017 – Nicole Mendoza 69.Find new Subcommittee Lead for Liaison - Marty & Leadership Team 43 Green = complete

44. Actions: 52.Investigate Speaker / Session on Geo-Engineering - Marty 53.Investigate Speaker / Session on Energy Harvesting – Noel Bakhtian 38.Use other AIAA Facebook groups and pages to publicize GEPC Page – New Liaison 30.Find leader for Standards. - Marty & Leadership team 31.Have them explain process to do a standard for AIAA. Have them identify other current non-AIAA standards related to green aviation of energy – Standards Leader 35.Help find new Green Energy leader – John Blanton 37.Outreach to student chapter – New Liaison to get email POC’s for student chapters from Betty Guille 44

45. Actions: 21.Standing up a new Major Award Nominations Committee – Contact Wayne Hurwitz [action GEPC Awards – Essam Khalil] 25.GEPC Awards – Figure out possible award nominations for Green Engineering related people or projects (RCEE, ERA, SUGAR, MIT Double Bubble D8, ???) – Essam Khalil 11.Develop process for Green Engineering Best Presentation Award – Essam and Conference Subcommittee – Session leads to send nominations to Marty and Essam – Essam to check with AIAA 1.Send out email to enable/energize liaison activities – TBD Liaison 2.Find new lead for Green Aviation – Marty & Leadership Team 45

46. Back Up and Informational 46