2. 25 years old graduate student owns a dog likes reading brown hair musicianengaged outgoingfriendly blind

3. “The Language of Prejudice” by Gordon Allport Explores symbols and prejudices in society Explores symbols and prejudices in society Nouns that Cut Slices Nouns that Cut Slices Emotionally Toned Labels Emotionally Toned Labels The Communist Label The Communist Label Verbal Realism and Symbol Phobia Verbal Realism and Symbol Phobia Connections to: Connections to: George Orwell’s 1984 George Orwell’s 1984 Today Today

4. Labels- used to categorize people into broad groups Labels- used to categorize people into broad groups Labels of Primary Potency- strong labels that stand out over all other characteristics Labels of Primary Potency- strong labels that stand out over all other characteristics Strong labels can lead to false assumptions about a person Strong labels can lead to false assumptions about a person Turning nouns into adjectives makes labels more accurate Turning nouns into adjectives makes labels more accurate

5. More Emotional and Less Emotional Labels More Emotional and Less Emotional LabelsExamples: Less EmotionalMore Emotional Negro“n word” JapaneseJap ChineseChink People often confuse different with wrong… People often confuse different with wrong… Chinese names: short and silly Chinese names: short and silly Polish names: outlandish Polish names: outlandish …so they make fun if it isn’t the norm. Skin color is the most prominent label in our culture Skin color is the most prominent label in our culture Black = negative connotation Black = negative connotation White = positive connotation White = positive connotation

6. People refer to out-groups using “they” People refer to out-groups using “they” Example: Communists Example: Communists In early 20 th century America, the need for a scapegoat outweighed importance of actual identity All actions were black and white, either moral or immoral All actions were black and white, either moral or immoral

7. Symbol Phobia- the fear of a person having a label placed upon them Symbol Phobia- the fear of a person having a label placed upon them Verbal Realism- when Verbal Realism- when the mind responds to words or iconic objects as strongly as it would to the things they represent All forms of prejudice can be traced back to either symbol phobia or verbal realism. All forms of prejudice can be traced back to either symbol phobia or verbal realism.

8. At weddings: At weddings: “I now pronounce you man and wife.” man and wife.” “We’re the good guys; we wear the white hats” “We’re the good guys; we wear the white hats”

9. Job interview bias Job interview bias gender, race, appearance Uneasiness about Muslims Uneasiness about Muslims

10. Minorities less sensitive Minorities less sensitive Less use of ethnic and sexist slurs Less use of ethnic and sexist slurs Minorities and women have gained equal rights Minorities and women have gained equal rights

11. Citizens of Oceania prejudiced against Citizens of Oceania prejudiced against Eastasia/Eurasia Eastasia/Eurasia Proletariat Proletariat Communism Communism Winston was a citizen of an oppressive government Winston was a citizen of an oppressive government

12. Verbal Realism Verbal Realism Inner Party steals vocabulary through Newspeak Inner Party steals vocabulary through Newspeak Symbol Phobia Symbol Phobia Winston feared the label of “rebel” Winston feared the label of “rebel”

13. John