1. Psychology of Prejudice and Discrimination
Prejudice Based on Gender, Sexual Orientation, and Age

2. Prejudice Based on Gender, Sexual Orientation, and Age
Gender-Based Stereotypes
Heterosexism and Anti-Gay Prejudice
Ageism

3. Prejudice Based on Gender, Sexual Orientation, and Age
Gender-Based Stereotypes
American culture has established set of beliefs men and women, traits and roles
Gender belief system
Content of this belief system is conveyed through
media
Parents and peers influences

4. Prejudice Based on Gender, Sexual Orientation, and Age
Gender-Based Stereotypes
American culture has established set of beliefs men and women, traits and roles
Gender belief system
Content of this belief system is conveyed through
media
Parents and peers influences

5. Gender Belief System
Learning about gender begins early in life and continues throughout the life span

6. Prejudice Based on Gender, Sexual Orientation, and Age
Gender-Belief System encompasses
Stereotype content
Attitudes toward appropriate roles for women and men
Perceptions of those who violate gender-based expectations

7. Prejudice Based on Gender, Sexual Orientation, and Age
Gender-Belief System—Stereotypes
Males Traits
Clusters of Component—agentic or instrumental
Independent
Strong
Self-confident

8. Prejudice Based on Gender, Sexual Orientation, and Age
Gender-Belief System—Stereotypes
Females Traits
Clusters of Component—communal or expressive
Warmth—expressiveness
emotional
helpful
kind

9. Prejudice Based on Gender, Sexual Orientation, and Age
Gender-associated Belief
Multidimensional—encompassing ideas about women’s and men’s
physical characteristic
role
cognitive abilities
emotions
traits

10. Prejudice Based on Gender, Sexual Orientation, and Age
Gender-Belief System
Ideas about appropriate emotions for the sexes
Women experience and express more emotions than men
Men experience and express anger and pride

11. Prejudice Based on Gender, Sexual Orientation, and Age
Gender-Belief System
Gender polarization—gender-associated characteristics are bipolar, people believe what is masculine is not feminine and that what is feminine is not masculine
Influences assumptions about an individual’s sexual orientation

12. Prejudice Based on Gender, Sexual Orientation, and Age
Gender-Belief System
Evaluative dimension of attitudes towards social groups
Women are wonderful effect
Research shows that people associated with social categories women and men actually shows a bias in favor of women
Implicit attitudes toward women and men in the use of language

13. Prejudice Based on Gender, Sexual Orientation, and Age
Gender-Belief System
Evaluative dimension of attitudes towards social groups
Discrimination-affection paradox
Discrimination women face is more subtle, than with men
Subtypes of Women and Men

14. Prejudice Based on Gender, Sexual Orientation, and Age
Gender-related categorization
Subtypes—categories that are subordinate to the more basic categories of sex, race, and age
Major subtypes can be grouped in to categories such as
Occupation
Family roles
Physical features,
sexuality
macho man

15. Prejudice Based on Gender, Sexual Orientation, and Age
Gender-related categorization
Attitudes toward women’s rights and responsibility—has been positive as a social group
Attitudes towards subtypes of women in nontraditional roles

16. Prejudice Based on Gender, Sexual Orientation, and Age
Hostile and Benevolent Sexism
Dimensions of modern sexism
Hostile
Benevolent

17. Prejudice Based on Gender, Sexual Orientation, and Age
Women in Leadership Roles
Role congruity theory
Less likely to succeed in leadership roles
Social role theory
Women are communal/no agentic traits
Higher probability of negative evaluations
Violates what women leaders should be like
Women in faculty roles
Women's chances of success

18. Prejudice Based on Gender, Sexual Orientation, and Age
Heterosexism and Anti-Gay Prejudice
Stereotypes of Lesbians and Gay men
Sexual orientation hypothesis
Attitudes toward Lesbians and Gay men
Sex Differences in anti-gay prejudice
Attitudes toward bisexuals
Civil rights attitudes
Heterosexism in the Workplace

19. Prejudice Based on Gender, Sexual Orientation, and Age
Ageism
When does old age begin
Beliefs about older adults
Double standard of aging
Subtypes of older adults
Forgetfulness stereotype
Age-Based Discrimination
Workplace discrimination

20. Prejudice Based on Gender, Sexual Orientation, and Age
The cluster of traits that represent stereotypes of men is called
agentic.
communal.
expressive.
benevolent.

21. Prejudice Based on Gender, Sexual Orientation, and Age
The cluster of traits that represent stereotypes of men is called
agentic. (p. 346 )
communal.
expressive.
benevolent.

22. Prejudice Based on Gender, Sexual Orientation, and Age
Which emotion is more strongly associated with men than with women?
a) guilt
b) sadness
c) pride
d) fear

23. Prejudice Based on Gender, Sexual Orientation, and Age
Which emotion is more strongly associated with men than with women?
a) guilt
b) sadness
c) pride (p. 348)
d) fear

24. Prejudice Based on Gender, Sexual Orientation, and Age
Research on the accuracy of gender stereotypes shows that
they can be correctly applied at both the individual and the group level.
there is no overlap between the characteristics men and women used to describe themselves.
at the group level, people are fairly accurate observers of women’s and men’s actual characteristics.
stereotypes usually lead to discrimination against women and men.

25. Prejudice Based on Gender, Sexual Orientation, and Age
Research on the accuracy of gender stereotypes shows that
they can be correctly applied at both the individual and the group level.
there is no overlap between the characteristics men and women used to describe themselves.
at the group level, people are fairly accurate observers of women’s and men’s actual characteristics. (p.350)
stereotypes usually lead to discrimination against women and men.