1. Scientific Investigations & using the Scientific Method Famigletti PAP 7 th grade 7.2 Scientific investigation and reasoning. The student uses scientific inquiry methods during laboratory and field investigations. The student is expected to: (A) plan and implement comparative and descriptive investigations by making observations, asking well-defined questions, and using appropriate equipment and technology; (B) design and implement experimental investigations by making observations, asking well-defined questions, formulating testable hypotheses, and using appropriate equipment and technology; (C) collect and record data using the International System of Units (SI) and qualitative means such as labeled drawings, writing, and graphic organizers; (D) construct tables and graphs, using repeated trials and means, to organize data and identify patterns; and (E) analyze data to formulate reasonable explanations, communicate valid conclusions supported by the data, and predict trends.

2. Chartreuse Slides Indicate information that should be present in your science journal. Create an entry in your journal titled: Scientific Inquiry Notes

3. Scientific Method Vocabulary define these terms in your science journal ProblemHypothesisResearchData ConclusionQualitativeQuantitativeProcedure Materials Independent variable Dependent Variable Controlled Variables Bar GraphLine GraphPie GraphData table

4. Then Problem/ Question Research Hypothesis Procedure/ Method Procedure/ Method Data Conclusion Clear & answerable Sufficient to lead to hypothesis Predicted answer to question based on research Predicted answer to question based on research Written and carefully followed step-by-step experiment designed to test the hypothesis Written and carefully followed step-by-step experiment designed to test the hypothesis Should be well organized 5 part HRDEN 5 part HRDEN Next Then Next Finally First NOT always the standard!!!! There are three main types of scietific investigations: -Experimental Investigations -Comparative Investigations -Descriptive Investigations The Scientific Method

5. Experimental Investigations Think: Mad Scientist Uses all steps of the scientific method and has independent variables, dependent variables, and controlled variables Typically a controlled lab environment looking for one specific result A majority of the labs in this class

6. Comparative Investigations Think: Environmental Studies Investigations will use most of the steps of the scientific method, however comparative investigations are typically done in the field so variables are a bit more difficult to control. Example: how does amount of mercury in a river effect the fish population?

7. Descriptive Investigations Think: Discovery These studies use less of the steps of the scientific method because they do not necessarily contain an “procedure”; They are designed to learn more about the world around them. Some of the most famous scientists are descriptive investigators. Jane Goodall; Jaque Cousteau; Charles Darwin

9. Steps of the Scientific Method 1.Problem/Question 1.Problem/Question: Develop a question or problem that 1.Has clear, expected, and findable answer 2.can be solved through experimentation

10. Steps of the Scientific Method Observation/Research 2. Observation/Research: Make observations and research your topic of interest. Observations can be either qualitative (physically descriptive) and quantitative (numerical/ measurable).

11. Steps of the Scientific Method Hypothesis 3. Hypothesis: Predict a possible answer to the problem or question based on your research. Should be in an if..then statement that reflects on the variables of the experiment. Example: If food sources for the cockroach community increase, then their population numbers will grow.

12. Variables & Control Groups –Independent variable- the one thing you change in the experiment –Dependent variables- results that you measure –Controls- everything else that stays the same –Control Group: a group that is your standard, that does not possess the independent variable

13. Variables & the Hypothesis Statement (IF- THEN) Use dependent and independent variables to help you state your hypothesis –Independent variable- the one thing you change in the experiment –Dependent variables- results that you measure –Controls- everything else that stays the same If (independent variable statement)….. then (dependent variable outcome)

14. You give it a try Create an if..then hypothesis based on the following experiment. You are studying lima bean plants. Based on your research you have learned that the soil temperature of different plants can positively and negatively effect the overall height of the plant. Also in your research you have learned that lima beans are native to tropical climates. You plan to do an experimental investigation on the soil temperature of lima bean plants.

15. If..then example Indepenent variable- soil temperature (what you change) Dependent variable- plant growth (results you measure) Controlled variables? Sunlight, amount of soil, type of soil, water, location, planting, container…etc. If soil temperatures rise, then plant growth will increase.

16. Steps of the Scientific Method Experiment/Procedure 4. Experiment/Procedure: Develop and follow a procedure. Include a detailed materials list. The outcome must be measurable (quantifiable).

17. Steps of the Scientific Method Data 5. Data: Collect data and organize on tables & graphs. Data collected can be both qualitative and quantitative. Your dependent variable, however should always be quantitative. All experiments should include at least one data table. All good experiments also include at least one graph!

18. Data Tables & Graphs Create a data table, a pie graph and a bar graph in your journal for the following data: There are approximately 1,034,000 known species in the animal kingdom. Divided by the different phyla, the approximate distribution is as follows: –Phylum Porifera 5,000 species; Phylum Cnidaria 9,000 species; 9 worm phyla total 41,000 species, Phylum Molusca 50,000 species; Phylum arthropoda 879,000 species; Phylum Chordata 44,000 species; Phylum Echinodermata 6,000 species.

19. Data Table Species of Animal Kingdom PhylumNumber Porifera 5,000 Echinodermata 6,000 Cnidaria 9,000 Worms 41,000 Chordata 44,000 Mollusca 50,000 Arthropoda879,000 Used for data organization of both qualitative and quantitative data Should have a title, and typically rows and columns Organize data tables so that it is easy to compare data

20. Graphs- Pie Graph Pie graphs compare parts of a whole- use percentages if possible Graph the data from the table you created.

21. Bar Graphs are for comparing quantitative data **remember to use appropriate intervals on y axis**

22. Line Graphs Show a direct quantitative relationship between variables. Indepentdent variables should be graphed along the x axis (bottom) Dependent variables should be graphed along the y axis (side) Be sure to label graph and each axis line

23. Copy the data table into your journal and create an appropriate graph Average Plant Growth & Soil Temperature Soil Temp ( o C) Plant Height (cm) 22 o C 10cm 32 o C 15cm 42 o C 25cm 52 o C 20cm 62 o C 7cm

24. Conclusion Instructions Your conclusion is an abstract (summary) of your entire project. It should be 6 sentences with the following topics. Use the acronym HADPEN to help you to make a good conclusion paragraph. You should write your conclusion in paragraph form. H (hypothesis restated) It was hypothesized that… A(accepted or rejected) The hypothesis was.. D(data) Summarize significant Data. Identify whether qualitative or quantitative data was most important in coming to a valid conclusion. P (Procedures)- critique procedures. Determine whether any improvements were made and if outside variables were appropriately controlled. E (explain)- explain why your data supports or rejects your hypothesis. Infer how the experiment clarifies and supports the scientific principle (science learning target) that the lab was aimed to teach. N (new ideas) Comment on new ideas for further experimentation. Ideas can include bringing this experiment to the a higher level, other ways to investigate the same principle, or improvements and expansions on the original experiment.

25. Write a HADPEN conclusion about the plant data given earlier H- it was hypothesized that if plants were placed in a warm soil they would increase in height, A- After experimentation, this hypothesis was partially accepted. D- The data showed that as soil temperature increased to 42oC the height of the plants also increased, but as the soil temperature increased to 52 o C and 62 o C the soil temperature decreased. P- All procedures were well controlled and no out of the ordinary results were observed. E- The most likely cause to this outcome is due to the soil becoming overheated and inhibiting plant growth. This lends to the idea that while light, carbon dioxide and water are the most important abiotic factors for a plant, other abiotic factors may influence how well the plant is able to function. N- Optimal soil temperature has still not been fully determined. While 42 o C was the optimal temperature for this investigation, individual temperatures between 42 o C and 52 o C could still be investigated to see where the plant height actually hits its peak and begins to drop.