1. World War II ( )

2. Prelude to War Italy after World War I Dissatisfied Rise of FASCISM
Totalitarian, nationalistic
Violent!
BENITO MUSSOLINI ( )
Il Duce
Prime minister of Italy
Mussolini addressing a crowd

3. Prelude to War Japanese Aggression Causes of militarism
Unhappy with World War I
Overpopulation
Nationalist China
“Mukden Incident” (1931)  invasion of Manchuria
Full-scale invasion, blockade (1937)
Chinese resistance  Japanese fury!

4. Prelude to War Adolf Hitler (1889-1945) German nationalist
Hated German republic, Western powers
Dominated Nazi party
Chancellor of Germany (1933)
Der Führer

5. Prelude to War Nazi Worldview Nationalistic, totalitarian
German expansion a must!
Racist
People are subject to laws of selection
Aryans vs. Jews
Goals: pure racial community, sense of belonging

6. Prelude to War
Nazi Party rally, Nuremberg (1934)

7. Prelude to War The Axis Strike AXIS powers: Germany, Italy, Japan
Italy seized Ethiopia ( ), Albania (1939)
Moves by Germany ( )
Remilitarized Rhineland
Annexed Austria, Czechoslovakia

8. Prelude to War The Invasion of Poland
NONAGGRESSION PACT (August 23, 1939)
Germany and USSR
Poland to be divided between them
Germany invaded (Sept. 1)
Strategy: BLITZKRIEG
Britain and France declared war (Sept. 3)

9. Prelude to War
Questions?

10. World War II

11. World War II The Battle of Britain (July-October 1940)
German goal: invasion
Series of air battles
Blitz of London (Sept. to Nov.)
British resistance  Hitler’s first check
WINSTON CHURCHILL ( )
Planes of Royal Air Force
Churchill

12. World War II
Devastation near St. Paul’s Cathedral

13. World War II
Devastation in Balham, London

14. World War II
A Tube station being used as a bomb shelter

15. World War II
Churchill’s “We Shall Never Surrender” Speech (June 4, 1940)
“When Napoleon lay at Boulogne for a year with his flat-bottomed boats and his Grand Army, he was told by someone, ‘There are bitter weeds in England.’ There are certainly a great many more of them since the British Expeditionary Force returned…I have, myself, full confidence that if all do their duty, if nothing is neglected, and if the best arrangements are made, as they are being made, we shall prove ourselves once more able to defend our Island home, to ride out the storm of war, and to outlive the menace of tyranny, if necessary for years, if necessary alone. At any rate, that is what we are going to try to do. That is the resolve of His Majesty's Government – every man of them. That is the will of Parliament and the nation.”

16. World War II “We Shall Never Surrender” Speech Continued
“The British Empire and the French Republic, linked together in their cause and in their need, will defend to the death their native soil, aiding each other like good comrades to the utmost of their strength…We shall go on to the end, we shall fight in France, we shall fight on the seas and oceans, we shall fight with growing confidence and growing strength in the air, we shall defend our Island, whatever the cost may be, we shall fight on the beaches, we shall fight on the landing grounds, we shall fight in the fields and in the streets, we shall fight in the hills; we shall never surrender, and if, which I do not for a moment believe, this Island or a large part of it were subjugated and starving, then our Empire beyond the seas, armed and guarded by the British Fleet, would carry on the struggle, until, in God's good time, the New World, with all its power and might, steps forth to the rescue and the liberation of the old.”

17. World War II Operation Barbarossa Launched against USSR (June 1941)
Successful first offensive
Stalin caught off guard!
Second offensive (November) unsuccessful
Early winter
Stalin invoked nationalism  fierce resistance!

18. World War II Franklin D. Roosevelt (1933-1945) President (1933-1945)
Led USA through Great Depression
Pursued by Churchill
Opposed to foreign despotism

19. World War II Japanese Attack on Pearl Harbor
Impasse in China  southeast Asia
Attacked Pearl Harbor (December 7, 1941)
USA declared war (December 8)
Axis declared war on USA

20. World War II
Questions?

21. World War II

22. World War II Battle of Stalingrad July 1942 to Feb. 1943
Germans claimed victory
Soviets resisted!
German defeat  now on defensive
Soviet soldiers, Stalingrad

23. World War II Retaking Western Europe
Allies invaded Italy from North Africa (July 1943)
Mussolini overthrown
Italy declared war (October)
Advance blocked by Germans
D-DAY (June 6, 1944)
Amphibious invasion
English Channel  Normandy
Germans in retreat
Landing at Normandy

24. World War II

25. World War II The Axis Defeat in Europe (1945) Allies advanced
Unconditional surrender of Germany (May 7)
Fate of the Axis leaders
Mussolini: shot (April 28)
Hitler: suicide (April 30)
Soviet soldiers raising their flag
over the Reichstag, Berlin

26. World War II The Holocaust Restrictions, attacks begin in 1930s
“The Final Solution” (1942)
Ghettos
Extermination camps
Approx. 6 million perished
Jews on board cattle cars

27. World War II
Gas chamber, Auschwitz

28. World War II
Scratch marks on gas chamber walls

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Crematorium

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31. World War II
The Pacific Theater

32. World War II Defeat of Japan (1945)
American ultimatum to Japan ignored
Atomic bombs
Hiroshima (August 6)
Nagasaki (August 9)
Emperor Hirohito surrendered (August 15)
Cloud above Nagasaki

33. World War II
Hiroshima (March 1946)

34. World War II
Questions?