4. Human Costs of the War Huge causalities on all sides – Over 8.5 million people killed – 17 million wounded

5. Human Costs of the War Famine in Europe Disease – Influenza outbreak spread through trenches in 1918 – Returning soldiers spread the disease – 50 million people died from influenza outbreak worldwide

7. Human Costs of the War Led to a sense of disillusionment about progress of humanity – Reflected in art and literature

8. Economic Costs of the War Factories, farms, and homes destroyed in France, Russia, and Belgium Nations had huge war debts – War estimated to have cost $332 billion Allies made Central Powers pay reparations – Payments for war damages they caused

10. Woodrow Wilson ’ s 14 Points Plan to end conflicts which led to the outbreak of the War Plan to end conflicts which led to the outbreak of the War – proposed by U.S. President Woodrow Wilson – Stressed importance of self determination, freedom of seas, and reduction of military spending – Called for the creation of a world organization to promote peace and prevent future wars

11. The Treaty of Versailles Treaty which formally ended the war Treaty which formally ended the war – Meeting held outside Paris, France – Signed on June 28, 1919 Partially based on Wilson’s 14 points Partially based on Wilson’s 14 points The United States, France, and Great Britain dominated the meeting The United States, France, and Great Britain dominated the meeting – “The Big Three” Woodrow Wilson (U.S) Woodrow Wilson (U.S) George Clemenceau (France) George Clemenceau (France) David Lloyd George (Great Britain) David Lloyd George (Great Britain)

12. The Treaty of Versailles Goals of the British and French Goals of the British and French – Punish Germany – Make sure Germany would never again be a threat Goals of the United States Goals of the United States – Promote self determination People choosing their own governments People choosing their own governments – Creation of the League of Nations

13. The Treaty of Versailles Germany had to accept responsibility for the war Germany had to accept responsibility for the war – Germany forced to pay for war damages

14. The Treaty of Versailles Germany lost land Germany lost land – led to the creation of new countries from German territory Czechoslovakia Poland – Lost overseas colonies

15. The Treaty of Versailles Germany forced force to destroy all offensive military equipment Germany forced force to destroy all offensive military equipment – Limited size of German military – German troops were banned from the border with France (Rhineland)

16. The Treaty of Versailles Led to economic hardship in Germany Led to economic hardship in Germany

17. The Treaty of Versailles Treaty created a great deal of resentment in Germany Treaty created a great deal of resentment in Germany – Britain and France looked out for themselves – Planted the seeds for future conflicts

18. Points for Discussion Identify one goal of Woodrow Wilson’s Fourteen Points. Identify goal of Britain and France when drawing up the Treaty of Versailles? What happened to German military as a result of the Treaty of Versailles

20. The Treaty of Versailles Treaty created a great deal of resentment in Germany Treaty created a great deal of resentment in Germany – had to accept terms of treaty Germans felt humiliated – Reparations crippled the German economy

21. Treaty of Versailles Created the League of Nations – Goal was to settle problems through negotiations rather than war – would use economic and military cooperation to deal with aggressor states

22. The League of Nations The United States Senate voted not to join the League of Nations The United States Senate voted not to join the League of Nations – Americans wanted to return to a isolationist foreign policy – Feared getting pulled into foreign wars

24. Breakup of the Austria/Hungarian Empire Austria/Hungarian Empire broken up by the Allies Austria/Hungarian Empire broken up by the Allies – New nations formed from territory Austria Austria Hungary Hungary Yugoslavia Yugoslavia Czechoslovakia Czechoslovakia

25. Breakup of the Ottoman Empire Ottoman Empire collapsed in 1918 lands placed under the control of Britain and France – Mandate System Territories administered by European powers – Countries were suppose to be granted self determination – Were actually run by Britain and France

26. Breakup of the Ottoman Empire Turkey – Nation formed from what remained of the Ottoman Empire

28. New Nations from Russian Lands Latvia, Lithuania, Estonia created from Russian Territory Latvia, Lithuania, Estonia created from Russian Territory Poland gained territory from Russia Poland gained territory from Russia

29. Nations unhappy with the Treaty of Versailles Legacy of the Treaty of Versailles Germany Italy Russia Japan Humiliated and bitter feeling because of terms of the treaty Hoped to gain more land; felt ignored by allies Angry about losing land to Poland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania Allies did not recognize their claims to land in China

30. Points for Discussion An observer at the Paris Peace Conference described the Treaty of Versailles as creating “a peace built on quicksand”. Why might someone describe the treaty in this manner?