1. Setting the scene: At the end of the Civil War

2. Widespread destruction The southern economy was destroyed Cities were burned Families were ruined Property and infrastructure damage amounted to $20 billion All told, it is estimated that 700,000 people last their lives in the Civil War (more than all other casualties in other American wars combined!!!)

3. Civil War (1861-1865) Total U.S. Service members (Union)............2,213,363 Battle Deaths (Union)........................................140,414 Other Deaths (In Theater) (Union)....................224,097 Non-mortal Wounded (Union)...........................281,881 Total Service members (Conf.)......................1,050,000 Battle Deaths (Confederate)................................74,524 Other Deaths (In Theater) (Confed.) (note 3, 4)..59,297 Non-mortal Wounded (Confed.)....................Unknown Statistics for the Civil War

4. What challenges did the Union face at the end of the Civil War? 1. How would Confederate states be allowed to be readmitted to the Union? 2. How would former slaves be treated in the south? 3. Which version of “Reconstruction” would ultimately be used?

6. Reconstruction The effort to rebuild the southern states and restore the Union was known as Reconstruction. This period in history lasted from 1865 until 1877. Reconstruction required the rebuilding of the nation’s economy as well as its government. With so much at stake, rival political factions-with competing plans for the future-waged bitter battles of their own in Washington D.C.

7. Plans for Reconstruction

8. Several different plans of Reconstruction emerged during and after the war. Much debate about differing plans centered on who would control Reconstruction - the President or Congress.

9. Lincoln’s Plan vs The Radical Republicans

10. Lincoln’s Plan President Lincoln had begun planning for the restoration of the South long before the end of the war. His plan of Reconstruction was based on the idea that the southern states had never left the Union. It featured the following elements:

11. How would former confederate soldiers be treated? 1. Pardons to southerners who swore oaths of loyalty to the United States.

12. How would southern governments be re-established? 2. Recognition of new southern state governments when 10% of those who had voted in the 1860 election took these oaths and when the states adopted new constitutions abolishing slavery.

13. Lincoln’ assassination Lincoln was open to suggestions from Congress for changes in his plan, but his assassination in April 1865 meant he would never carry out his program.

14. Vice President Andrew Johnson became President after Lincoln’s death. He intended to follow the broad outlines of Lincoln’s plan. Johnson recognized 4 southern state governments and prepared to re-admit the others.

15. Radical Republicans Radical Republicans controlled Congress after the Civil War. These republicans wanted harsher terms for Reconstruction.

16. Johnson’s failure to consider congressional views on Reconstruction and his efforts to block radical plans finally led Republicans in Congress to attempt to impeach him.

17. Tenure of Office Act In 1868, the House charged the President with “high crimes and misdemeanors”-specifically, for violating the Tenure of Office Act. The act stated that the president could not remove cabinet officers “during the term of the president by whom they may have been appointed” without the consent of two-thirds of the Senate.

18. Impeachment of Johnson The Senate fell one vote short of the two-thirds vote required by the Constitution to remove a President from office. Although President Johnson was acquitted, his political career was over.

19. Radical Reconstruction

20. Now the Republican-controlled Congress dictated the terms of Reconstruction. The chief features of this so-called Radical Reconstruction included:

21. Reconstruction According to Radical Republicans 1.The division of the South into five military districts controlled by the U.S. Army, while new state constitutions and governments were being set up. 2.The requirement of the new state governments to grant African American males the right to vote. 3.The requirement of southern states to ratify the 14 th Amendment. 4.In addition to addressing several fundamental civil rights issues, the amendment prohibited many former Confederate government officials from holding office.

22. Scalawags and Carpetbaggers

23. Many white southerners deeply resented the federal government’s imposition of Radical Reconstruction. They also resented the new Reconstruction governments and the role of African Americans in them.

24. They branded the few white southerners active in those governments as Scalawags. The Republican northerners who came South to take part in Reconstruction were referred to as Carpetbaggers.

25. White Southerners sometimes used acts of terror, terrorism, and violence in efforts to keep African Americans from taking part in these newly constructed governments.

26. New Constitutional Amendments

27. During the Reconstruction period, the states ratified three amendments to the Constitution:

28. 13 th Amendment (1865) The 13 th Amendment was ratified in order to abolish slavery in the United States.

29. 14 th Amendment (1868) When ratified-(1) declared that all native-born or naturalized people, including African Americans, were citizens.

30. 15 th Amendment (1870) Declared that states could not keep citizens from voting because of “race, color, or previous condition of servitude” (slavery).

31. The Scandalous Grant Administration

32. U.S. Grant (War to White House) The first presidential election after the end of the Civil War took place in 1868. Union war hero General Ulysses S. Grant ran as a Republican and won. Grant’s strengths, however, were those of a military leader, not those of a politician or government leader.

33. Scandals and corruption damaged Grant’s administration, as business owners in the booming postwar economy offered bribes to politicians who would do favors for them.

34. Among the most notorious scandals were: “Credit Mobilier Scandal”- Railroad officials impoverished the railroad, then bribed members of Congress to block any investigation. “Salary Grab”- Congress voted itself a 50% pay raise and added 2 years of “back pay”. Public outcry forced the repeal of this act.

35. “Whiskey Ring”- Whiskey distillers paid off federal tax collectors rather than pay taxes on their liquor. Political corruption was also common at state and local levels. Perhaps the most notorious figure was William “Boss” Tweed, who ran the Tammy Hall political machine in New York City in the 1860s and 1870s.

36. The End of Reconstruction

37. The Election of 1876

38. The emergence of the solid South gave the Democrats greater power in politics at the national level. In 1876, Democrats nominated Samuel Tilden, the governor of New York, to run for President against Republican Rutherford B. Hayes, the governor of Ohio.

39. Tilden clearly won the popular vote, but the electoral vote was contested. Four states sent in disputed election returns. Which votes were counted would determine the outcome of the election.

40. A special electoral commission was named to count the votes. The Republican majority on the commission gave all the electoral votes in question to Hayes, thus guaranteeing his victory. In the Compromise of 1877, Democrats agreed to go along with the commission’s decision in return for promises by Hayes to:

41. Hayes would be allowed to become President under the following conditions … 1.Withdraw remaining federal troops from the South, thus ending Reconstruction. 2. Name a Southerner to his (Hayes) cabinet. 3. Support federal spending on internal improvements in the South.

42. Southerners regain political power The Compromise of 1877 effectively weakened the North’s political victory in the Civil War, restoring to power many of the southern families who, 16 years before, had formed the Confederacy and led it into war.

43. White Control in the South

44. Black Codes These measures, passed in most southern states immediately after the Civil War, were based on old slave codes and aimed at keeping blacks in conditions close to slavery.

45. Black Codes The Black Codes produced an angry reaction in the North that helped passage of the Radical Reconstruction program. Reconstruction governments in the South overturned these codes.

46. Secret Societies

47. Ku Klux Klan White southerners originally formed groups like the Ku Klux Klan to try to frighten African Americans and their supporters out of taking part in Reconstruction governments. The lawlessness and brutality demonstrated by these groups led the federal government to use the army against such societies.

48. Disenfranchisement

49. POLL TAXES Southern states imposed a tax on every voter. Those who were too poor to pay poll taxes - including many African Americans- could not vote.

50. LITERACY TESTS Some states required citizens to demonstrate that they could read and write before they voted. Often Literacy Tests involved interpreting a difficult part of the Constitution. Few African Americans could pass these tests because they had received little schooling.

51. GRANDFATHER CLAUSES However, Poll Taxes and Literacy Tests might have kept poor and uneducated whites from voting. In order to prevent this, southern states added Grandfather Clauses to their constitutions.

52. The clauses allowed the son or grandson of a man eligible to vote in 1866 or 1867 to vote himself even if he could neither pay the tax nor pass the test. Since few African Americans could vote in 1867, the clause benefited whites almost exclusively.

53. JIM CROW LAWS Southern states also passed laws establishing social segregation, or the separation of people on the basis of race. Such Jim Crow Laws forbade African Americans from facilities with whites, such as railroad cars or water fountains.

54. The Supreme Court’s Response The Supreme Court did not interfere with efforts to restore white control in the South. In the 1883 Civil Rights Cases, the Court ruled that the 13 th Amendment abolished slavery but did not prohibit discrimination and that the 14 th Amendment prohibited discrimination by the government but not by individuals.

55. Plessy vs Ferguson (1896) Later, in the landmark case of Plessy vs Ferguson (1896), the Supreme Court ruled that segregation was legal as long as African Americans had access to “equal but separate” facilities.

56. The Court’s ruling in the Plessy vs Ferguson case set a precedent that justified segregation in all public facilities-schools, hospitals, passenger terminals, and more-until the 1950’s.

57. African Americans Debate Their Future Two prominent leaders offered contrasting strategies to improve the lives of African Americans.

58. Booker T. Washington Booker T. Washington argued that African Americans should temporarily put aside their desire for political equality and instead focus on building economic security by gaining useful vocational skills.

59. W.E.B. Du Bois W.E.B. Du Bois called for the brightest African Americans to gain an advanced liberal arts education (rather than a vocational education) and then demand social and political equality. However, widespread discrimination against African Americans made either strategy difficult to follow.