1. 20c China:
From Republic to
Communist Power

2. The Rise of Nationalists and Sun Yat-Sen
Revolution of 1911

3. Radicalization of politics
status quo
modern monarchy
Qing court
Reformers
Peasants
Revolutionaries
republic
pre-1841 China
Marxism?
nationalism?

4. The Revolution of 1911 1911-10-10, Wuchang Uprising
Qing dynasty was overthrown
, China became a republic

5. Republican Revolution (1912)
Sun Yat-sen (Sun Yixian)
Founded Kuomintang (KMT) – Nationalist party
Overthrew Manchu (Qing) dynasty
Established a republic
President of Chinese Republic who succeeded him – Yuan Shih-k’ai
Kuomintang symbol

6. Formation of the Chinese Republic
Sun Yixian (Yatsen)
Leader of the Kuomintang
Kuomintang  China’s Nationalist Party
Overthrows Qing Emperor in 1911 and becomes China’s first president, but…
“The Chinese people…do not have national spirit. Therefore, even though we have four hundred million people gathered together in China…they are just a heap of loose sand.”
Sun could not unite China
Turns over presidency to a top general who overturns democratic reforms
China becomes a military dictatorship overrun by warlords

7. Three Principles of the People
Book published by Sun Yat-Sen before his death in 1925
Principle of Mínquán
Democracy – the people are sovereign
Principle of Mínzú
Nationalism – an end to foreign imperialism
Principle of Mínshēng
Livelihood – economic development, industrialization, land reform, and social welfare – elements of progressivism and socialism

8. China after 1911
The Revolution of 1911 was intended to create a modern republican form of government in China.
Instead, the country broke up into warlord-dominated regions with increasing poverty and violence.
The Kuomintang (Nationalist) Party led the revolution, but controlled few areas.

9. Dr. Sun Yixian (1866 – 1925)
(Dr. Sun Yat-sen)

10. Kuomintang Party
Sun Yat-sen was the main leader of the 1911 Revolution and the Nationalist Party (KMT).
He died in 1925 and was succeeded as leader by Chiang Kai-shek.
Chiang cooperated with the Communists for a time, but then massacred them in 1927.

11. Problems Facing Nationalists and Sun Yat-Sen

12. Republic of China: Weaknesses
Disunity
Local warlords fought Kuomintang for control
Wars raged between 1912 and 1928
Foreign imperialists
Americans, Europeans, and Japanese
Poor transportation
1914 – only 6,000 miles of railroad track
225,000 miles in the smaller United States
Few decent roads

13. The Warlords Li Yuanbong Zhang Zuolin Yan Xishan Feng Yuxiang
They fought for control of Beijing, to be recognised as the official government of China . The effects were disastrous, particularly on the peasants who were raped and pillaged and forced to pay taxes up to 30 years in advance, for their “protection and safety”.

14. Warlords ( )

15. Chinese Warlords, 1920s
Yuan Shi-kai

16. Role of World War One

17. Foreign Imperialists Twenty-One Demands (1915)
Japan attempted to make China a Japanese protectorate
Action condemned and stopped by other leading world powers
World War I and the Treaty of Versailles
China attempted to abolish concessions and extraterritoriality
Attempt failed
China did not sign the Treaty of Versailles
Japan gained mandate over most of Germany’s Asian possessions and rights

18. World War I (1914-18) Beijing government joined the Allied forces
sent laborers to Europe

19. World War I & The Treaty of Versailles
In 1917, China declares war on Germany
China believed by fighting for the allies that at the end of the war, territories controlled by Germany would be returned to the people of China
Treaty of Versailles gave Japan the former German territory

20. World War I (1914-18) Japan drove German forces out of Qingdao
Paris Peace Conference in 1919

21. High expectations in Beijing

22. Treaty of Versailles (1919)
All German privileges in China’s Shandong Peninsula were “transferred” to Japan

23. May Fourth Movement

24. May Fourth Movement
On May 4, 1919 over 3,000 angry Chinese students gathered in Beijing to protest the Treaty of Versailles
Demonstrations spread to other cities throughout China
Sun Yixian believes he can regain power, but…

25. Student protests in Beijing

26. May 4th protests

27. Spread of the movement Boycott Japanese products
demand release of arrested students
workers and merchants joined in
Shanghai, Nanjing, etc.
Paris, California, etc.

28. Tsinghua University students burn Japanese goods.

29. Growth of Communism
Sun Yat-Sen appealed for Russian (Soviet) aid following the Versailles Conference
– China received advisors, arms, communist propaganda, and loans
Russia revoked its imperialist rights in China
Chinese flag,

30. Nationalist Revolution
Sun Yat-Sen succeeded by Chiang Kai-shek
Communists expelled by Kuomintang
– war to control the warlords
Capital moved from Peiping (a.k.a. Peking, today’s Beijing) to Nanking (Nanjing)
Possible anecdote: The Kuomintang changed the name of Peking/Beijing to Peiping (or Beiping) in 1928.
Presidential Palace under Kuomintang Government in Nanjing

31. Nationalist Revolution Under Chiang Kai Shek or Jiang Jieshi

32. Chiang Kai Shek
His brother in law and leader of the new army Chiang Kai Shek quickly took command and established himself as leader moving against the War Lords in the successful Great Northern Expedition.

33. The Nationalist Party
The Nationalist Republic of China was led by Jiang Jieshi after the death of Sun Yet-Tsen .
hey improved transportation, provided a better education to more people, and encouraged industry.
- However, peasants and workers lives were not improved…

34. Jiang Jieshi Becomes President of Nationalist China, 1928
(Chiang Kai-shek)

35. Jiang Jieshi & the Nationalists
After Sun Yixian’s death in 1925, Jiang Jieshi becomes the head of the Kuomintang
Jiang
Feared communism
Supported by bankers and businessmen
Over saw a corrupt government

36. China in 1924

37. Turn to Communism and Mao Tse-Tung

38. Frustrated nationalism
China’s previous efforts to borrow from the West to achieve wealth and power all failed
military hardware and related technologies
economic institutions and organization
science, scholarship, and education
government, political processes and organizations

39. Frustrated nationalism
China became weaker and poorer
continuous civil wars between warlords
Western privileges in China
humiliated and abused in the world

40. Radical urban intellectuals
multiplication of ism’s

41. The Kuomintang (KMT) is Split
Right wing
Business people
Politicians
Left wing
Communists
Intellectuals
Radicals
Students

42. New political parties Nationalist Party (GMD) was established
Sun Yat-Sen died in 1925
Chiang Kai-Shek was the military leader
Communist Party was established in 1921
Mao ZeDong was one of its founding members

43. The Communist Party in China
Many intellectual Chinese turned against Western Democracy (as you might imagine they would considering how the democracies treated China
Communist Party
Lead by former university asst. librarian Mao Zedong
Influence by the Russian Revolutions of 1917

44. Mao Tse-Tung

45. Mao Zedong Student of Marxism
However, he believed the communist revolutions would not begin with urban factory workers, but with RURAL PEASANTS
“The force of the peasantry is like that of the raging winds and driving rain. It is rapidly increasing in violence. No force can stand in its way. The peasantry will tear apart all nets which bind it…They will bury beneath them all forces of imperialism, militarism, corrupt officialdom, village bosses and evil gentry.”

46. Mao Zedong As a Young Revolutionary
(Mao Tse-tung)

47. Mao Zedong’s Life
Mao was born in 1896 as the son of an affluent peasant in Hunan province.
After service in a provincial army in the 1911 revolution, Mao attended a teacher’s college.
He then attended Beijing University and worked in the library there.

48. Mao
Mao was a leader of the Chinese Communist Party since its founding in 1921.
While most Chinese Communists believed that urban workers were the group that would be the most important supporters of the revolution, Mao decided that peasants had more revolutionary potential.

49. Land Reform
Mao discovered even in the 1920s that the Communists could win the support of the peasants by taking away land from the rich and sharing this with the poor.
Mao learned how to get the vast majority of peasants on his side by concentrating the confiscations on a small minority of wealthy farmers.

51. Civil War in China

52. Civil War in China
and – war between Communists and Nationalists
Communists – Mao Tse-tung (Mao Zedong)
Nationalists – Chiang Kai-shek
War halted and to fight Japanese aggression
Communists were victorious in 1949
Nationalists retreated to Formosa (Taiwan)
End of imperialism in China
Hong Kong returned to China in 1997

53. Chiang Kai Shek Goes After Communists
The success of the Northern Expedition surprised everyone as many of the Warlords were defeated or made peace with the GMD.
The march to Shanghai became a triumphal parade but left Chiang with a problem. He did not want to share power with his Communist allies, preferring the capitalist way of development which would ensure close ties with the USA.
He decided therefore to end the United Front which had been so successful in defeating the Warlords and to eliminate his communist allies. A bloody purge of the communists followed in Shanghai and in Guangzhou.
The massacre was successful and left Chiang free to march on Beijing and establish himself as China’s first strong ruler since He would be in a position to carry out Sun Yat Sen’s programme of modernisation of a united country.

54. Death in Shanghai

55. Death in Guangzhou

56. Chinese Civil War Jiang Jieshi starts a campaign against communists
Has troops and armed gangs kill members of the Communist Party and union members on the city streets of Shanghai
Nearly wipes out all members of the Communist Party
In 1928 the US and Britain recognize Jiang Jieshi as president of China
The Soviet Union does not due to persecution of Communist Party in China

57. China soon came to know him as the ruler of the country
China soon came to know him as the ruler of the country. He liked to be called the Genralissimo. He was able to modernise China as the electric cables for street cars shown in this picture demonstrate. Generally cities, particularly Shanghai, made great progress, even in the harsh economic climate of the 1930’s Great Depression.

58. Civil War
The Nationalist Party and the Communist Party had many clashes over the years.
In 1933 Mao Zedong led his followers, over 600,000 people, over 6,000 miles into the mountains to avoid capture by the nationalist. This is called The Long March.

59. Mao With His Children, 1930s

60. Chinese Civil War Mao forms the Red Army by recruiting peasants
Established themselves in the countryside of south-central China
Trained Red Army in guerilla warfare with help from Soviet Union
Jiang sends Nationalists soldiers after them, but can’t completely wipe them out due to guerilla warfare

61. The Long March

62. The Long March
1934

63. Chinese Civil War The Long March
Jiang sends 700,000 men after Communists and surrounds them
100,000 Communists flee and begin a 6,000 mile-journey (The Long March)
Tens of thousands die due to
Starvation
Battle wounds
Exposure to the cold
Mao and 8,000 survivors take shelter in the caves of northwestern China.

64. Long March
Mao led a Communist area in Jiangxi Province in 1934, but attacks by the Kuomintang (Nationalist Party) government army forced them to undergo the “Long March” lasting over a year and covering 3700 miles to a new, safer area to the north in Shanxi Province.

65. The Long March
Mao Long March Original Poem Zunyi Meeting Memorial Site

66. The Long March

67. The Long March

69. The Long March “Down with the Imperialism”
Red Army Propaganda Painting from the Long March

71. Red Army soldiers marching part of the 6,000 miles
Luding Bridge

72. Cave dwellings in Shaanxi Red Army troops crossing the snowy mountains
Mao on the Long March
Communist leader addresses the survivors of the Long March

73. Mao’s Long March Poem
The Red Army fears not the trials of the March, Holding light ten thousand crags and torrents. The Five Ridges wind like gentle ripples And the majestic Wumeng roll by, globules of clay. Warm the steep cliffs lapped by the waters of Golden Sand, Cold the iron chains spanning the Tatu River. Minshan's thousand li of snow joyously crossed, The three Armies march on, each face glowing.

74. The Long March
Ended December 1935, after 368 days, travelling 12,500 km
Less than 1/20 of those who set off survived
March ended in Wayabao
Red Army impressed peasants in areas that it passed
Mao declared it sowed the seeds revolution:
“The Long March is a manifesto. It has proclaimed to the world that the Red Army is an army of heroes, while the imperialists and their running dogs, Chiang Kai-shek and his like, are impotent.”

75. Survivors of the March

76. Yanan Soviet

77. The Yanan Soviet
Chiang Kai Shek forced communists into Yanan, events with Japan stalled
Communists needed create strategy
Problem of land reform

78. Yan’an,
For over a decade, Mao and the Chinese Communist leadership operated from Yan’an in the north of China.
Land reform was carried out in Yan’an.
During most of this time, the Communists were fighting against both the KMT and the Japanese.
The Communists and the KMT competed in terms of which best represented the national interests of China against the Japanese.

81. The Manchurian Incident

82. The Invasion of Manchuria
September 19, 1931: two artillery pieces installed at the Mukden officers' club opened up on the Chinese garrison nearby.
response to the alleged Chinese attack on the railway.
Zhang Xueliang's small air force was destroyed: 500 Japanese troops attacked aprox Chinese soldiers
Japanese had occupied Mukden at the cost of 500 Chinese and only 2 Japanese lives.
19 September, Mukden was declared secure.
aircraft from the Chosen Army were landing at Mukden airport.
Zhang Xueliang, under implicit instructions from Chiang Kai-shek's Nationalist Government to stick to a nonresistance policy,
It had already urged his men not put up a fight, and to store away any weapons in case the Japanese invaded.
Therefore, the Japanese soldiers continued to occupy and garrison the major cities of Changchun, Antung, and their surrounding areas with minimal difficulty.
November: Ma Zhanshan, the acting governor of Heilongjiang, began resistance with his provincial arm.
January: Generals Ting Chao and Li Du with their local Jilin provincial forces.
Within 5 months of the Mukden Incident, the Imperial Japanese Army had overrun all major towns and cities in the provinces of Liaoning, Jilin, and Heilongjiang.

83. Zhang Xuwliang
Zhang Xuwliang was Born on June 3, 1901 Zhang Xuwliang, also known as the “Young Marshal“, was the ruler of Manchuria during the Manchurian Incident. It was troops under his rule that were blamed for blowing up the railway. He spent 50 years under house arrest for helping start another incident called the X’ian incident but was referred as a hero for this. Instead of fighting the Japanese he surprised them instead by retreating his troops when they invaded.

84. Seishiro Itagaki
Seishiro was ItagakiBorn on January 21, 1885, Seishiro Itagaki was a general of the Imperial Japanese Army during WII. He was born into a samurai class family and graduated from the Imperial Japanese Army Academy on 1904 On 1931 he became the chief of the Intelligent Section of the Kwantung Army. This was one of the reasons why he was chosen to help plan the Manchurian Incident Another one would be because he was a military advisor for Manchukuo which was a puppet state for Manchuria. This allowed him to have access to all the parts of Manchuria including the railways.

85. Controversy
Different opinions still exist as to who blew up the Japanese railroad at Mukden.
Strong evidence points to young officers of the Japanese Kwantung Army having conspired to cause the blast, with or without direct orders from Tokyo.
Post-war investigations also stated that the original bomb planted by the Japanese failed to explode and a replacement had to be planted.
The resulting explosion enabled the Japanese Kwantung Army to accomplish their goal of invading Manchuria and the subsequent establishment of the puppet state of Manchukuo.

86. The Japanese Factor 1931 Japanese invaded Manchuria
1933 Japanese spreading influence
GMD in difficult situation
CCP capitalised on this

87. Chinese Civil War: Japanese Invasion
Time Out!!!
The Civil War between the Nationalists and Red armies is suspended
JAPAN INVADES MANCHURIA IN 1931
By 1937 Japan invades all of China
Nationalists and Communists unite to repel Japanese invasion
TO BE CONTINUED AFTER WORLD WAR II…
Japanese troops entering Shenyang

88. Japan Invades China
1937

89. The Japanese posed an even bigger threat,taking Manchuria and putting Pu Yi on the throne as a puppet. After 1937 they invaded and conquered the rich coastal plains and cities of China in a brilliantly successful but brutal campaign, culminating in the massacre at Nanjing where 300,000 civilians were slaughtered in an orgy of rape, pillage and execution.
It then became Chiang Kai Shek’s turn to flee to the interior of China and resist as best he could in Chung king until the Americans arrived with help.

90. Chinese defeat

91. Chinese refugees flee to the interior

92. The unlucky remain in Nanjing…

93. ….to await their fate

94. Japanese Aggression Japan was a threat to China – 1894-1941
1937 – Japanese invasion
Japanese took control of north and areas along the coast
Rape of Nanking
Chinese Communists and Nationalists
Intermittently were at peace as they united to fight against the Japanese
Guerrilla and scorched earth tactics
Received American aid against the Japanese

95. The Sino-Japanese War Japanese launched full invasion 1937
Nationalists lost credibility by trading with Japanese occupiers
Nationalist forces almost destroyed the communist New Fourth Army in 1941

96. Japanese Aggression,

97. Victims of the Japanese bombing of Shanghai.

98. Japanese Soldiers March into Nanking December 9, 1937

99. The Japanese Invasion, 1937

100. Remains of Chinese Children Bayoneted by Japanese Soldiers

101. Japanese Bayonet Practice

102. Beheadings Took Place in Public!

103. Chinese Prisoners Were Often Beheaded & Displayed

104. UNIT 731: Bio-Chemical Warfare

105. UNIT 731: Live Human Dissections

106. Reluctant and distrustful allies, Chiang and Mao

107. By 1941 the world was at war and China found a great ally in America who sent men and huge quantities of supplies. America also tried to bring the ever distrustful Nationalists and Communists together.
Chiang Kai Shek with “vinegar Joe” Stillwell

108. Role of World War Two

109. World War II
U.S. interest in China increased after Japanese attacked Pearl Harbor in 1941
Cairo Conference (1943)
Chiang Kai-shek met with Allied leaders
Discussed war in eastern Asia
Westerners gave up imperialist rights in China
U.S. Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882 repealed in 1943

110. The Americans tried hard to persuade the Communists to work with Chiang.

111. But with the Japanese defeated, the Civil War (1946-49) began again
But with the Japanese defeated, the Civil War ( ) began again. Here a suspected communist is lead off to execution.

112. Yan’an, 2
At the end of the Second World War, the Russians moved into Manchuria against the Japanese and were able to share some weapons with the Chinese Communists.
Stalin urged Mao to ally with Chiang Kai-shek rather than to fight him.

113. It’s time for the Foreign Devils to go home
It’s time for the Foreign Devils to go home. They had started the turmoil and the fall of the Empire a 100 years before after the first Opium War. Here they are seen escaping Shanghai as refugees from the advancing Red Army, the People’s Liberation Army. There would be no more unequal treaties.

114. The Communists had the best leaders, the best general Zhu De and the best tactics. America became disillusioned with the corruption of Chiang’s regime and withdrew support. Popular support for the communists among the peasants proved decisive and Chiang fled to Taiwan to set up his Republic of China.

115. The People’s Republic of China is declared
The People’s Republic of China is declared. The Chinese have their first strong government for over a century.

116. Communist Victory

117. Communist Victory, 1949
Due to corruption and inefficiency among the KMT leadership, the Communists took power in mainland China in October, 1949.
The KMT leaders retreated to the island of Taiwan.
Now Mao was in charge of the whole country.

118. Communists in Control – 1949
Communists and Nationalists resumed civil war following World War II
Chiang Kai-shek’s Nationalist government wasted foreign economic aid
Many Kuomintang deserted to Communists
Manchuria – taken over by Communists in 1948
December, Communists in control
Chiang Kai-shek and Nationalists retreated to Formosa (Taiwan)

119. Taiwan

120. Taiwan: The Republic of China

121. Jiang Jieshu ( )
(Chiang Kai-shek)

122. Madame Jiang Jieshu

123. Republic of China (Taiwan)
Jiang and Nationalists:
Establish Republic of China
Violently repress Taiwanese
Govern as if they were CHINA
Enact land reform (no longer tied to Gentry)
Defended by US, 7th Fleet
Engage in business revolution
Brilliantly successful economy
Nationalist Dictatorship
Holds seat at UN as “CHINA”

124. Republic of China (Taiwan)
Jiang Kaishek (Jishi) dies in 1984
Jiang Ching Kuo (son takes over)
Begins democratic reforms
Dies 1988
Real Democratic Elections in 1988
Tensions between Taiwan and China have been very tense and continue to be tense at times.
Taiwan today is economically advanced, wealthy and democratic society Officially still a province of China, but functioning as a separate nation