2. Qin [Ch’in] Dynasty, 221- 206 B.C.E.  Established China’s first empire   Shi Huangdi (221-206 B.C.E)  Legalist rule   Bureaucratic administration  Centralized control  Military expansion  Book burnings  targeted Confucianists  Buried protestors alive!  Built large section of the Great Wall

3. Shi Huangdi’s Terra Cotta Army

5. Shi Huangdi’s Terra Cotta Soldiers & Cavalrymen

6. Cavalry

7. Individual Soldiers

8. The Details of an Individual Soldier

9. Individual “Tombs”

10. The Great Wall with Towers

11. The Eastern terminus of the Great Wall, Shanhai Pass

12. Han Dynasty, 206 B.C.E.-220 C.E.  “People of the Han”  original Chinese  Paper invented [105 B.C.E.]   Silk Road trade develops; improves life for many  Buddhism introduced into China  Expanded into Central Asia

13. Han – Roman Empire Connection

14. Chang’ an The Han Capital

15. Liu Sheng Tomb (d. 113 BCE) His jade suit has 2498 pieces!

16. Emperor Wudi, 141-87 B.C.E.  Started public schools.  Colonized Manchuria, Korea, & Vietnam.  Civil service system   bureaucrats  Confucian scholar-gentry  Revival of Chinese landscape painting.

17. Han Artifacts Imperial Seal Han Ceramic House

18. Ceramics, Later Han Period

19. Trade Routes of the Ancient World

20. Multi-Cultural Faces -- People Along the Silk Road

21. Ruins of Jiaohe, Turphan depression. Han dynasty outpost in Central Asia

22. Sui Dynasty, 581-618 C.E.  “Land Equalization” System  land redistribution.  Unified coinage.  Grand Canal constructed.  Established an army of professional soldiers.  People were overworked and overtaxed!

23. The Grand Canal

24. The Grand Canal Today

25. Tang Dynasty, 618-907 C.E.  Confucian imperial examination system perfected.  Initially Liberal attitude towards all religions.  Spread of Buddhism in China  Golden Age of foreign relations with other countries.  Japan, Korea, Persia

26. Mahayana Buddhism  Popular in China  Fostered belief in bodhisattvas- What are these?  This allowed for the adoption of local gods and customs (what is the name for this?)  Began translating Buddhist scripture to local languages and practices not based on written texts. Why?

27. Religion and Politics  As the influence of Buddhism grew, princes and nobles sought to align themselves with influential monasteries.  Buddhist leaders would then support princes or nobles in exchange for tax exemptions and land.  Have we seen other examples like this?

28. Tang Government Organization Tang Government becomes de- centralized. Gentry, local nobles and religious officials exercise local power.

29. Tributary System  Political relationship between Chinese Empire and smaller independent territories.  Smaller countries sent emissaries with money to Chang’an as a symbol of China’s political superiority.

30. Chang’an  Capital city of Tang Empire  “Cosmopolitan” Many cultures visited this city from all parts of Asia.  Center of a continent wide system of communication. Trade and exchange of ideas from Japan, Korea, India etc. What other cities are like this?

31. Tang Dynasty, 618-907 C.E.  New technologies:  Printing  moveable print   Porcelain  Gunpowder  Mechanical clocks  More cosmopolitan culture.  Reestablished the safety of the Silk Road.  Tea comes into China from Southeast Asia. 

32. Empress Wu Zetian, 624-705  The only female Empress in China’s history who ruled alone.   Construction of new irrigation systems.  Buddhism was the favored state religion.  Financed the building of many Buddhist temples.  Tang elites had come to see Buddhism as contrary to Confucian values of filial piety. Elites claimed Buddhism led to a woman with political control.

33. Foot-Binding in Tang China  Broken toes by 3 years of age.   Size 5 ½ shoe on the right

34. Foot-Binding in Tang China Mothers bound their daughters’ feet.

35. Foot-Binding in Tang China  For upper-class girls, it became a new custom.

36. The Results of Foot- Binding

37. Military Power In Tang Dynasty Turkic Influences- Horsemen using Iron Stirrups (again!)Turkic Influences- Horsemen using Iron Stirrups (again!) Combined with Chinese weapons like the crossbowCombined with Chinese weapons like the crossbow Resulted in powerful military.Resulted in powerful military.

38. Song [Sung] Dynasty, 960-1279 C.E.  Creation of an urban, merchant, middle class.  Increased emphasis on education & cheaper availability of printed books.  Magnetic compass makes China a great sea power! 

39. Song Peasant Family

40. Rice Cultivation Began Under the Song

41. Song Rice Cultivation

42. Mongolian Steppes

43. Xinjiang Region – Typical Uygher [Mongol] “Yurt”

44. Mongol Invasions

45. Mongol Warriors

46. Mongol Archer

47. Gold Saddle Arch – Mongols, 13c

48. Gold Saddle, Front View – Mongols, 13c

49. The MONGOLS [“Golden Horde”]  Temujin --> Genghis Khan [“Universal Ruler”]  1162 - 1227  from the steppe [dry, grass-covered plains of Central Asia]

50. The MONGOLS [“Golden Horde”]  Genghis Khan’s Tax Laws:  If you do not pay homage, we will take your prosperity.  If you do not have prosperity, we will take your children.  If you do not have children, we will take your wife.  If you do not have a wife, we will take your head.  Used cruelty as a weapon  some areas never recovered from Mongol destruction!

51. Mongol Nobleman, late 13c

52. Robe of a Mongol Nobleman, early 14c

53. Yuan Golden Bowl, 13c

54. The Extent of the Mongol Empire

55. Yuan (Mongol) Dynasty, 1279-1368 C.E.  Kublai Khan [r. 1260-1294]  Pax Mongolica [“Mongol Peace”]  Tolerated Chinese culture but lived apart from them.   No Chinese in top govt. posts.  Believed foreigner were more trustworthy.  Encouraged foreign trade & foreign merchants to live and work in China. Marco Polo

56. Marco Polo (1254- 1324)  A Venetian merchant.  Traveled through Yuan China: 1271-1295  “Black Stones” [coal]  Gunpowder.  Noodles.

57. Marco Polo’s Travels

58. Yuan Porcelains & Ceramics

59. Yuan Dynasty, 1279- 1368 C.E.  The Black Plague was spread by the Mongols in the mid-14c.  Sent fleets against Japan.  1281  150,000 warriors  Defeated by kamikazi [“winds of the gods”]   Kublai Khan experienced several humiliating defeats in Southeast Asia late in his life.

60. Qin!! 221-206BCE

61. Han!!! 206BCE-220CE

62. Sui!!! 541-618

63. T’ang!!!! 618-906 CE

64. -Song!!!!! 940-1279

65. Yuan!!!! 1260-1365

66. China’s last native imperial dynasty! Ming!!! 1368-1646

67. Ming Dynasty -By 1368 Ming Leaders have kicked out Mongol Rule - Create a strong centralized state based on Confucian principals: China is back! -What will they use to determine who participates in political bureaucracy?

68. Revived the Civil Service Exam

69. The Forbidden City: China’s New Capital -Chinese Imperial Palace In Beijing China. -Traditional Chinese Architecture. -980 buildings! 720,000 square meters- 1125 soccer fields!

70. The Tribute System

71. Ming Silver Market   Spanish Silver Convoys   Triangle route:   Philippines to China to Japan.   Silver floods Chinese Market:   Causes devaluation of currency & recession   Adds to reasons for Chinese immigration overseas.   Reduces price of Chinese goods in Europe   Increases interest in Chinese culture & ideas in Europe.   Helps fund conquest of New World    Encourages Europeans in conquest & trade.

72. Ming Cultural Revolution   Printing & Literacy   Cheap, popular books:   woodblock printing.   cheap paper.   Examination system.   Leads to explosion in literacy.    Leads to further popularization of the commercial market.   Culture & Art   Increased literacy leads to increased interest in cultural expressions, ideas, and things:   Literature.   Painting.   Ceramics.   Opera.

73. Ming Dynasty, 1368- 1644 C.E.  Golden Age of Chinese Art  Moderation  Softness  Gracefulness  Three different schools of painting developed.  Hundreds of thousands of workers constructed the Forbidden City.

74. Ming Scroll Painting “Travellers in Autumn Mountains”

75. Ming Painting – “Birds and Flowers”, 16c

76. Ming Painting and Calligraphy, early 16c

77. Ming Painting – “Taoist Scholar” -Have we seen other examples of states/institutions promoting the arts during this period? (1450-1750) -Why would states support the arts?

78. State Sponsored Art  Monarchs, Emperors, Religious orders sponsored arts to assert legitimacy and supremacy

79. Admiral Zheng He (Cheng Ho)   Ming “Treasure Fleet”   Each ship 400’ long & 160’ wide 1371-1435

80. Admiral Zheng He (Cheng Ho)   China’s “Columbus?” 

81. Admiral Zheng He’s Voyages   First Voyage: 1405-1407 [62 ships; 27,800 men].   Second Voyage: 1407-1409 [Ho didn’t go on this trip].   Third Voyage: 1409-1411 [48 ships; 30,000 men].   Fourth Voyage: 1413-1415 [63 ships; 28,500 men].   Fifth Voyage: 1417-1419   Sixth Voyage: 1421-1422   Emperor Zhu Gaozhi cancelled future trips and ordered ship builders and sailors to stop work.   Seventh Voyage: 1431-1433   Emperor Zhu Zhanji resumed the voyages in 1430 to restore peaceful relations with Malacca & Siam   100 ships and 27,500 men; Cheng Ho died on the return trip.

82.   1498 --> Da Gama reached Calcutta, China’s favorite port.

83. Ming Porcelain / Ceramics, 17c–18c -International market for porcelain created high demand. -Ming manufacturing techniques created an assembly line style of production. Vast amounts of porcelain came from Ming China -In Europe “China” became synonymous with porcelain.

84. Ming Vases, 18c

85. Ming Carved Lacquer Dish 15c

86. Decline of Ming  “Little Ice Age” in the seventeenth centruy, the world experienced a drop in temperature. 1645 temperatures reached a low point Low temperatures created agricultural nightmare. Famine and disease resulted in population uprising against the government.

87. Fall of the Ming  Mongols gain power to the north. United by devotion to Dali Lama.  Manchu, people based north of Korea grew stronger.  Riots and uprisings by Chinese living in the southwest. Protesting overcrowded cities.  Japanese attempt an invasion (Hideyoshi)

88. Manchu takes over 1644  With increasing problems, Ming forces turn to the Manchu for help. Manchu not only help expel the invading Japanese, they claim China for their own!

89. Qing Empire -A Manchu family now headed the Chinese government. Manchu generals head the military. -Manchu compose a small percentage of the population. Most government officials are ethnic Chinese. -Have we seen other examples of this in (1450-1750)?

90. Qing Empire 1644-1912  -Emperor Kagnxi- Although ethnically Manchu, becomes fluent in Chinese and memorizes Confucian classics. -Doubles the size of China: Taiwan, inner Mongolia and Tibet.

91. Qing Empire  -Foreign Trade is now encouraged. Central Asian horses brought in. Vietnam, Burma and Nepal pay tribute to trade with Chinese. -Civil-service exam: Increased importance, low classes can participate. “Gentry” – Individuals with the rank of a political official

92. Cultural Exchange  Unlike Japan, Emperor Kangxi welcomes Jesuit missionaries. o Begins a cultural exchange: Jesuits inform Qing on European science, medicine and anatomy. o Exchange promotes trade between Europe and Asia. Wallpaper- becomes a commodity in Europe. Tea from China spreads all over Europe - Despite increased trade- Canton remains sole port for Europeans. This is frustrating for Europeans growing markets.

93. Qing Decline  “New World’ crops like potatoes and corn, prove easy to grow and very nutritional. -Leads to a population explosion. China’s population triples from 1500 to 1750. -Environmental problems persist. Deforestation, soil erosion. -Qing government is not up to controlling its enormous population. Decline begins, ending in 1914

94. Imperial China’s Impact on History  Political?  Religious?  Economic?  Technological?  Social?