2.   Three Dynasties: Sui, Tang, Song Dynasties  All three brought progress and stability to China  China invented block printing, gunpowder, participated in foreign trade  Used civil service exams Three Dynasties

3.   Came after the Han Dynasty  581- new emperor came into China and began Sui dynasty  Lasted from 581-618  Dynasty did not last long but did unify China  Sui Yangdi- second emperor- completed Grand Canal  Grand Canal linked the Huang He and Yangtze River The Sui Dynasty

4.   Cruel ruler:  Used forced labor to complete Grand Canal  Used high taxes  Lived an extravagant life  Military failures  Caused rebellion  He was murdered Sui Yangdi

5.   700 year period- used same principles from Qin and Han dynasties  Monarchy  Bureaucratic government  Civil Servant exams  Government based on provinces, districts, villages  Confucian ideals Government

6.   Based on trade, agriculture, and manufacturing  Majority of population were peasants and serfs  Technology: used steel to make swords  Gunpowder- to make explosives  Mathematics  Made new economy- based on money instead of trade  Trade= silk road= cultural diffusion! Economy

7.   New forms of entertainment  Rise in gentry  Few Chinese had power  Female children were considered less desirable  When a girl married, she became part of the husbands family  Poor families sold their daughters Society

8.  Section 2: The Mongols

9.   Military nomads  From present day Mongolia  1206- Mongol people elected Genghis Khan  Genghis Khan was a strong military ruler The Mongols

10.   Genghis Khan’s army= 130,000 men  Brought Eurasian landmass under one ruler  New capital: Karakorum  When Khan died- empire split  Khanates- each under the rule of one of his sons Mongols and Military

11.   1231- Mongols attacked Persia and defeated the Abbasids in 1258  Kubali Khan- Genghis Khan’s grandson- ruled China until his death in 1294  Kublai Khan set up a capital- Khanbalik which is Beijing today  Mongols expanded into Vietnam  Mongols won support of many Chinese people  Fell: too much spreading of foreign conquests, corruption at court, and growing instability. Mongol Impact

12.   Under Kublai Khan  In attack, Mongols encountered gunpowder  Inventions came too late to save China from Mongols  Kublai ruled not only China, but Korea, Tibet, parts of Vietnam Yuan Dynasty

13.   Chinese came to respect the stability and prosperity they experienced under Mongol rule  Chinese believed the Mandate of Heaven could be passed to foreign rulers  Chinese merchants benefitted from extensive trade networks  Mongols brought peace and order  Great cities flourished under Kublai Khan Pax Mongolia

14.   Pax Mongolia: political stability throughout much of Asia resulted from Mongol rule  Allowed for an exchange of goods and ideas between the east and west Pax Mongolia

15.   Silk Road was very dangerous before the Mongols  Traders were using it less because of fear  Mongols provided safe passage along the Silk Road  Trade increased as a result Silk Road

16.   Disease that followed along trade routes  Millions were killed  Impacted the Mongols  Plague began with infested rats  Killed 1/3 of Europe  35 million in China were killed Black Plague

17.   Italian merchant  Traveled to the court of Kublai Khan  Remained there for several years  Marco Polo’s writing introduced Europeans to the beauty of riches of China Marco Polo

18.   Scholar from Morocco  Traveled at the same time as Marco Polo  Recorded his travels  Traveled for 30 years- 73,000 miles Ibn Battuta

19.   Confucian teachings  Song and Tang- Buddhist and Daoism  Buddhism was brought in from India  Daoism- rival of Confucianism  Buddhism criticized  Buddhist monasteries had acquired thousands of acres of land and serfs- with that came corruption  Tang Dynasty destroyed Buddhist temples Religion and Government

20.   Revived Confucianism- became the heart of the state government  Teaches that the world is real, not an illusion  Divided the world into a material and spiritual world  Goal: move beyond the material world to reach Supreme Ultimate Neo-Confucianism

21.   Period between Tang and Ming dynasties  Invention of printing  Most Chinese were illiterate  Poetry- heavy focus  Paintings and ceramics- influenced by Daoism Golden Age in Literature and Art