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Copyright © 2005 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc. Chapter 42 Earth’s Diverse EcosystemsEarth’s Diverse Ecosystems.

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Presentation on theme: "Copyright © 2005 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc. Chapter 42 Earth’s Diverse EcosystemsEarth’s Diverse Ecosystems."— Presentation transcript:

1 Copyright © 2005 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc. Chapter 42 Earth’s Diverse EcosystemsEarth’s Diverse Ecosystems

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3 Copyright © 2005 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc. Factors Influencing Earth’s Climate Both Climate and Weather Are Driven by the SunBoth Climate and Weather Are Driven by the Sun –Satellite image of the Antarctic ozone hole (FE42.1 p. 865) Many Physical Factors Also Influence ClimateMany Physical Factors Also Influence Climate –Latitude Influences the Angle at Which Sunlight Strikes Earth Earth’s curvature and tilt produce seasons and climate (F42.1 p. 864)Earth’s curvature and tilt produce seasons and climate (F42.1 p. 864)

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5 sunlight equator (0º) North Pole (90º N) South Pole (90º S)

6 Copyright © 2005 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc. Factors Influencing Earth’s Climate –Air Currents Produce Broad Climatic Regions Distribution of air currents and climatic regions (F42.2 p. 866)Distribution of air currents and climatic regions (F42.2 p. 866)

7 (a)cold, dry air falls 90º N polar cap cool, moist air rises (rain) warm, dry air falls desert rain forest hot, moist air rises (rain) warm, dry air falls desert cool, moist air rises (rain) cold, dry air falls 60º S polar cap 90º S 30º S 0º 30º N 60º N Polar Easterlies Westerlies N.E. Tradewinds S.E. Tradewinds (b) rain forest South African Desert Sahara Desert Arabian Desert

8 Copyright © 2005 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc. What Factors Influence Earth’s Climate? –Ocean Currents Moderate Near-Shore Climates Ocean circulation patterns are called gyres (F42.3 p. 867)Ocean circulation patterns are called gyres (F42.3 p. 867)

9 Eurasia North America Greenland Australia Antarctica Eurasia Africa South America

10 Copyright © 2005 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc. Factors Influencing Earth’s Climate –Continents and Mountains Complicate Weather and Climate Effects of elevation on temperature (F42.4 p. 867)Effects of elevation on temperature (F42.4 p. 867) The rain shadow of the Sierra Nevada (F42.5 p. 868)The rain shadow of the Sierra Nevada (F42.5 p. 868)

11 Altitude high low tropical forest rock, snow, and ice tundra coniferous forest deciduous forest equatorial regions Latitude polar regions

12 average annual precipitation (cm) altitude (m) winds westeast

13 Copyright © 2005 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc. Factors Influencing Earth’s Climate –El Niño Periodically Disrupts the Usual Ocean-Atmosphere Interactions

14 Copyright © 2005 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc. Conditions That Life Requires Environmental demands mold physical characteristics (F42.6 p. 868)Environmental demands mold physical characteristics (F42.6 p. 868)

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16 Copyright © 2005 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc. Distribution of Life on Land Terrestrial Biomes Support Characteristic Plant CommunitiesTerrestrial Biomes Support Characteristic Plant Communities –The distribution of biomes (F42.7 p. 869) –Rainfall and temperature influence biome distribution (F42.8 p. 870)

17 60º N 30º N 0º (equator) 30º S 60º S tropical forest desert savanna and tropical shrub forest chaparral temperate deciduous forest temperate rain forest grassland coniferous forest tundra and alpine vegetation ice

18 Copyright © 2005 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc. Distribution of Life on Land Rainfall and Temperature Determine the Vegetation a Biome Can SupportRainfall and Temperature Determine the Vegetation a Biome Can Support

19 low Temperature high tundra coniferous forest (taiga) cool desert warm desert cool grassland temperate deciduous forest temperate rain forest warm grassland savanna tropical rain forest tropical deciduous forest low high Rainfall

20 Copyright © 2005 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc. Distribution of Life on Land –Tropical Rain Forests The tropical rain forest biome (F42.9 p. 871)The tropical rain forest biome (F42.9 p. 871) Amazonian rain forest cleared by burning (F42.10 p. 872)Amazonian rain forest cleared by burning (F42.10 p. 872)

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22 Copyright © 2005 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc. Distribution of Life on Land –Tropical Deciduous Forests –Savanna The African savanna (F42.11 p. 873)The African savanna (F42.11 p. 873) Poaching threatens African wildlife (F42.12 p. 874)Poaching threatens African wildlife (F42.12 p. 874)

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24 Copyright © 2005 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc. Distribution of Life on Land –Deserts The desert biome (F42.13 p. 874)The desert biome (F42.13 p. 874) The Sonoran Desert (F42.14 p. 875)The Sonoran Desert (F42.14 p. 875)

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27 Copyright © 2005 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc. Distribution of Life on Land –Chaparral The chaparral biome (F42.15 p. 875)The chaparral biome (F42.15 p. 875)

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29 Copyright © 2005 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc. Distribution of Life on Land –Grasslands Tallgrass prairie in Missouri (F42.16 p. 876)Tallgrass prairie in Missouri (F42.16 p. 876) Shortgrass prairie (F42.17 p. 876)Shortgrass prairie (F42.17 p. 876) Sagebrush desert or shortgrass prairie? (F42.18 p. 877)Sagebrush desert or shortgrass prairie? (F42.18 p. 877)

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33 Copyright © 2005 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc. Distribution of Life on Land –Temperate Deciduous Forests The temperate deciduous forest biome (F42.19 p. 878)The temperate deciduous forest biome (F42.19 p. 878)

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35 Copyright © 2005 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc. Distribution of Life on Land –Temperate Rain Forests The temperate rainforest biome (F42.20 p. 879)The temperate rainforest biome (F42.20 p. 879)

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37 Copyright © 2005 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc. Distribution of Life on Land –Taiga The taiga (or northern coniferous forest) biome (F42.21 p. 880)The taiga (or northern coniferous forest) biome (F42.21 p. 880) Clear-cutting (F42.22 p. 880)Clear-cutting (F42.22 p. 880)

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39 Copyright © 2005 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc. Distribution of Life on Land –Tundra The tundra biome (F42.23 p. 881)The tundra biome (F42.23 p. 881)

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41 Copyright © 2005 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc. Distribution of Life in Water Freshwater Lakes Have Distinct Regions of LifeFreshwater Lakes Have Distinct Regions of Life –Life Zones Are Determined by Access to Light and Nutrients Lake life zones (F42.24 p. 882)Lake life zones (F42.24 p. 882)

42 littoral zone limnetic zone profundal zone

43 Copyright © 2005 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc. Distribution of Life in Water Freshwater Lakes Are Classified According to Their Nutrient ContentFreshwater Lakes Are Classified According to Their Nutrient Content Marine Ecosystems Cover Much of EarthMarine Ecosystems Cover Much of Earth –Ocean life zones (F42.25 p. 884)

44 dry land intertidal zone near-shore zone open ocean 200 m photic zone aphotic zone

45 Copyright © 2005 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc. Distribution of Life in Water Coastal Waters Support the Most Abundant Marine LifeCoastal Waters Support the Most Abundant Marine Life –Nearshore ecosystems (F42.26 p. 885)

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47 Copyright © 2005 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc. Distribution of Life in Water –Coral Reefs Coral reefs (F42.27 p. 886)Coral reefs (F42.27 p. 886)

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49 Copyright © 2005 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc. Distribution of Life in Water –The Open Ocean The open ocean (F42.28 p. 888)The open ocean (F42.28 p. 888)

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51 Copyright © 2005 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc. Distribution of Life in Water –Hydrothermal Vent Communities Hydrothermal vent communities (F42.29 p. 889)Hydrothermal vent communities (F42.29 p. 889) Habitat destruction (FE42.2 p. 890)Habitat destruction (FE42.2 p. 890)

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