1. Group interaction Cognitive and emotional processing Group decisions and records Subjective member assessments Tasks and/or purpose Group structure Member goals, beliefs, and characteristics Local context Social system Embedded System Framework

3. Socialization to conform with/adapt prototypical norms Distribution and management of deviance (rejection, norm adjustment) Symbolic conflict and convergence Dialogue and storytelling Group cohesion Subjective assessment of group’s qualities Increase/reduction in inter-group stereotypes and prejudices Exclusion/departure from the group Task requires intra- and/or inter-group cooperation vs. competition Equality of member status relationships Nature and strength of group norms Salience of different social identities (and primary group identity) Confidence in one’s independent judgment Participants’ diverse identities and allegiances (including to other groups) Inter-group conflicts with other local groups Organizational socialization practices Institutional support for inter-group contact Pool of social identities, group archetypes, and salient symbols or dramatic narratives Individualist/collectivist cultural orientations EST framework - Norms, symbols, identity formation