1. Control by existing protocols and current work under the Convention Richard Ballaman Chairman of WGSR Swiss Agency for the Environment, Forests and Landscape

2. 2/15 Scope of my presentation PM2.5 concentrations current situation and projections Existing protocols with limitations of primary and / or secondary PM Open questions and options Challenges for CLRTAP

3. 3/15 Sources: Puxbaum et al. 2003 Hüglin NFP 41 2001

4. Anthropogenic contribution to PM2.5 2000 2010 2020 Rural concentrations, annual mean [µg/m3] from known anthropogenic sources excluding sec. org. aerosols Emissions for no further climate measures scenario, Average meteorology for 1999 and 2003, EMEP Eulerian model

5. Health & environmental impact (RAINS_BL_CLE, August 2004, C. Agren)

6. Emissions 1990 – 2020 (RAINS BL_ CLE, Aug. 04)

7. Inter-annual meteorological variability Anthropogenic contribution to PM2.5 2003 average 1999 Rural concentrations, annual mean [µg/m3] from known anthropogenic sources excluding sec. org. aerosols Emissions for 2000, EMEP Eulerian model

8. Acidification Eutrophication Tropospheric ozone Multi pollutants / multi effects approach: extended version with new avenues for action SO 2 NH 3 NO x NMVOC Particulate matter Population exposure primary PM HMs PAH

9. 9/15 The protocol on Heavy Metals Annex III BAT for controlling emissions of HMs from 11 stationary source categories. Annex V with limit values for controlling (mainly particulate) emissions from major stationary sources. Annex VI with product control measures (e.g. lead free gasoline, batteries) On-going work by IFARE to review technical annexes and by TNO to explore further measures

10. 10/15 The Protocol on Persistent Organic Pollutants Annex IV with limit values for PCDD/F from waste incineration. Annex V with BAT to control emissions of POPs from major stationary sources Annex VII with recommended control measures for reducing emissions of POPs (i.a. mass of particulates and PAH) from mobile sources. On-going work by TNO to explore further measures

11. 11/15 Options to consider by WGSR Secondary PM are already covered by the MP- ME Gothenburg protocol Primary PM to be integrated Protocol on mercury and PM (including HMs) A single protocol on PM

12. 12/15 Open questions Which option seems more promising (advantages / disadvantages) ? Are the necessary information on PM emission inventories and projections accurately enough to allow emission ceilings? Do we have sufficient data to define BAT and LV for primary PM?

13. 13/15

14. 14/15 Challenges for the Convention LRTAP Increase life expectancy of European population by decrease of the mean population exposure to PM2.5 Implementation of a legal instrument to abate PM emissions (ideally with commitments for 48 countries).

15. 15/15 Coordinating Centre Programme Centre Coordination Centre for Effects Main Research Centre Programme Centre Programme Centre Implementation Committee WHO Bonn ICP Forests Task Force ICP Integrated Monitoring Task Force ICP Modelling and Mapping Task Force ICP Materials Task Force ICP Vegetation Task Force ICP Waters Task Force Health Working Group on Effects Task Force Emission Inventories and Projections Task Force Measurement and Modelling Chemical Coordinating Centre Meteorological Synthesizing Centre-West Meteorological Synthesizing Centre-East Task Force Integrated Assessment Modelling Centre Integrated Assessment Modelling EMEP Steering Body Expert Group on Ammonia Abatement Task Force on POPs Network of Experts on Benefits and Economic Instruments Expert Group on Techno-economic Issues Task Force on Heavy Metals Task Force on Hemispheric Air Pollution NEW! Working Group on Strategies and Review EXECUTIVE BODY Implementation Committee CONVENTION ON LONG-RANGE TRANSBOUNDARY AIR POLLUTION Expert Group on Particulate Matter NEW!

16. WHO European Centre for Environment and Health Schematic illustration of different PM10 levels in different locations (modified from Lentschow et al., 2000)