1. New Directions in thought and culture in the 16 th and 17 th Centuries

2. Introduction-challenges to traditional modes of European thought  1. Reformation-shattered religious unity and represented break with medieval thought  2. Cultural impact of European’s encounter with the New World-  3. Change created fear and anxiety and new wave of superstition and persecution

3. The Scientific Revolution  New scientific concepts and methods in medicine, chemistry, natural history, and astronomy  Science achieves cultural authority by end of 17 th century  Set the standard for assessing the validity of knowledge in the Western world

4. Nicolas Copernicus  Polish priest and astronomer  1543- On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres  Countered Ptolemaic systems of universe- geocentric view of universe-earth fixed in space based on Aristotle’s physics  Copernicus adopted a heliocentric view of universe-earth moved about the sun in a circle  New way to think about problems of Ptolemaic universe

5. Ptolemaic Universe

6. Copernicus

7. Tycho Brahe and Johannes Kepler  Brahe-Mercury and Venus revolve around the sun, Moon, sun, and other planets revolve around earth-amassed huge amount of data  Kepler-Supported heliocentrism-portrayed mathematical model of universe portrayed elliptical path of motion-but why was motion elliptical

8. Kepler

9. Galileo Galilei-Italian mathematician  Turned to the heavens with his telescope  Observed the moons of Jupiter, sunspots, and mountains on moon  Popularized the Copernican system and mathematical view of universe

10. Isaac Newton-English Physicist  How do the planets and the heavenly bodies move in an orderly fashion?  What keeps the universe in place?  1687-The Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy better known as Principia Mathematica  Discovered the force of universal gravitation  Explained the concept mathematically

11. Newton

12. Philosophy in an Age of Reason  Discontent with scholastic philosophy  Stressed the importance of empirical research  Nature as mechanism  Machine of universe like a clock, the divine as master clockmaker or mechanic  Physical universe now search for utility rather than divine purpose

13. Francis Bacon-1561-1626  English philosopher and scientists  Father of empiricism and experimentation  Criticized traditional received knowledge  Championed innovation and change  Called for science to improve human condition and material progress  Theory of induction from experimentation rather than deduction from received knowledge

14. Deductive versus inductive reasoning

15. Rene Descartes-1596-1650  French mathematician  Invented analytic geometry  1637- Discourse on Method  Developed a scientific method based on deduction  Doubted everything except those propositions that he had intellectual certainty  Could not doubt his own thinking and his own reason  Human reason could fully comprehend the world

16. Cogito, Ergo Sum

17. Thomas Hobbes-1588-1679  Political philosopher of 17 th Century  Dark view of human nature  1651- Leviathon  Justification of centralized political authority  Self- interested Human beings exist to only satisfy desires  Life in the state of nature is solitary, poor, nasty, brutish, and short  Fear of destruction and death

18. Thomas Hobbes  Escape from this state of nature essential  Contract between humans and a sovereign ruler  Humans agreed to set aside personal rights for sake of peace and security  Ruler justified to use absolute and unlimited power to ensure order  No basis for appeal of absolute authority

19. John Locke-1632-1704  Critic of Hobbes and absolutism  Basis for western liberal political thought  Wrote 1 st and 2 nd Treatise on Government  2 nd Treatise on Government  State of nature perfect freedom and equality  Natural rights: Life, liberty, property  Humans need social contract with authority to sort out problems

20. John Locke  Social Contract theory  Humans enter into social contract with government authority to protect their natural rights  Government has limited authority and role to protect rights that preexist government  Rulers rule based on the consent of the governed  Right to replace government if they abused authority by taking away natural rights

21. John Locke: Essay concerning Human Understanding  Established the basis for toleration, religious liberty, and separation of church and state  Did not extend to RCs and atheists  Established brain as “tabula rasa”-blank slate  Human condition could be changed by changing environment  View of psychology rejected original sin  Locke believed reason and revelation should sustain moderate religious faith and avoid conflict

22. The Enlightenment  18 th Century movement that emphasized the emerging scientific knowledge, practical achievements of applying that knowledge, religious toleration, and political liberty

23. Women and the Scientific revolution  Women seem to be excluded from the new science  Virtually no social spaces that permitted women to pursue Science  For most part, women barred from science and medicine until late 19 th century  “Separate spheres”-women’s minds essential different and inferior to men in regards to math, science, medicine, biology, and philosophy

24. Women and the Scientific Revolution  Margaret Cavendish-Only women in 17 th century to be allowed to visit the Royal Society of London-marriage to Duke of Newcastle  Observations Upon Experimental Philosophy  Grounds of Natural Philosophy

25. The New Science and Religious faith  Science versus religion  1. Certain theories and statements did not agree with biblical statements about the heavens  2. Who would decide conflicts between science and religion?  3. Spiritual world versus material world  Key Pt-Most natural philosophers saw their work as supporting religious belief because it supported understanding of divine

26. The Case of Galileo  1633-Case of Galileo versus RC church  1545-1563-Council of Trent  RC church opposes private interpretation of scripture and embrace more literal reading of scriptures  Galileo embraces Coperican view  Letter to Grand Duchess Christina (1615)- scripture should accommodate the new science

27. The Case of Galileo  1616-Inquisition censures work of Copernicus  Copernicus disagreed with literal view of scripture  At time, no empirical evidence to support view  Mandate of 1616-Galileo teaching Copernicus as theory, not as physically true

28. The Case of Galileo  1623-Pope Urban VIII  Galileo permission to resume discussing Copernican systems  1632- Dialogue on the Two Chief World Systems  Defended the physical truthfulness  Pope angered and ordered an investigation  Issue-did Galileo violate the Mandate of 1616?  Trial-Galileo forced to recant, house arrest for 9 years  1992-RC church apologized

29. English approach to science and religion  Two books to divine revelation: Bible and nature  Both books shared the same author  Revelation from both must be compatible  Studying Nature was way of studying the divine

30. Physico-theology  Religious thought that deduced religious conclusions from nature  Study of nature was to come to a better understanding of the Creator  Faith in a rational God and rationality of human beings  Scientific advance and economic enterprise part of the divine plan  Human beings meant to improve the world

31. Blaise Pascal: Reason and Faith (1628-1662)  French mathematician  Tried to reconcile faith and new science  Pensees (Thoughts)  Rejected both Jesuits and their dogmatism and atheists that rejected religion  Embraced jansenists-17 th Jesuit opponents

32. Blaise Pascal  Religion not the domain of reason and science  2 essential truths of Christianity  Loving God exists  Human beings not worthy of God  Reason not enough to reconcile with God  Belief required a “leap of faith”  Believed that reason and science created a false optimism

33. Pascal and Probability  Imagine that you were living in the seventeenth century as a nobleman. One day your friend Blaise Pascal was visiting and challenged you to a game of chance.  You agreed to play the game with him. He said, "I can get a sum of 8 and a sum of 6 rolling two dice before you can get two sums of 7’s." Would you continue to play the game?

34. Pascal’s Wager  “God is, or He is not.” But to which side shall we incline? Reason can decide nothing here. There is an infinite chaos which separated us. A game is being played at the extremity of this infinite distance where heads or tails will turn up... Which will you choose then? Let us see. Since you must choose, let us see which interests you least. You have two things to lose, the true and the good; and two things to stake, your reason and your will, your knowledge and your happiness; and your nature has two things to shun, error and misery. Your reason is no more shocked in choosing one rather than the other, since you must of necessity choose... But your happiness? Let us weigh the gain and the loss in wagering that God is... If you gain, you gain all; if you lose, you lose nothing. Wager, then, without hesitation that He is.

35. Baroque Art  17 th century painting, sculpture, and architecture  Faithfulness to nature  Dramatic sharp contrasts between light and darkness  Intent is to draw the viewer to an emotional involvement with the subject  Baroque art served both religious and secular ends  First emerged in Papal Rome-Catholic church encouraged the arts to involve more emotional involvement

36. Michelangelo Caravaggio (1573-1610)

37. Louis le Nain (1593-1648)

38. Peter Paul Rubens (1517- 1640)

39. Versailles  Most elaborate Baroque monument to political absolutism  Louis XIV-The Sun King  Elaborate decoration and classical design

40. Versailles

41. In Perspective  Major turning point for western civilization  Sun replaced the earth as center of solar system  Solar system one of many systems  New ideas challenged the authority of church  Mathematics replaced theology as way to understand nature  Political thought less concerned about religious questions  Humankind and life on earth the center of questions