3.  Gilded – cheap center covered w/ thin layer of gold (Mark Twain)  Gov’t followed Laissez – Faire policies  1877-1900

4. Republican  Gold based $  High Tariffs  $ for Union soldiers  Aid to RR  Limits on Immigrants  Enforce Blue Laws Democrat  Silver based $  Lower Tariffs  High farm prices  Less aid to RR  Fewer Blue Laws

5. Lewes, Delaware:  It is illegal to wear pants that are “firm fitting” around the waist. Rehoboth Beach  No person shall change clothes in his or her vehicle.  No person shall pretend to sleep on a bench on the boardwalk.  Changing into or out of a bathing suit in a public restroom is prohibited.  Six-year-old girls may not run around without being fully clothed.  Alcohol may not be served in nightclubs if dancing is occurring on the premises at the same time.

6. Maine  It is illegal to stroll down the street and play a violin at the same time.  Advertisements may not be placed in cemeteries. North Carolina:  Elephants may not be used to plow cotton fields.  In cemeteries, no one may visit their departed loved ones late at night.  Women must have their bodies covered by at least 16 yards of cloth at all times. (Charlotte)

7. Rutherford Hayes  Republican  Ended Reconstruction  Reformed Spoils System

8. James A Garfield  Republican  Killed by a lawyer, Charles Guiteau

10. Chester Arthur  Republican  Created Civil Service Commission  Check qualifications

11. Grover Cleveland  Democrat  Gov’t control over RR

12. Benjamin Harrison  Republican  Sherman Anti Trust Act  Country begins a Depression

13. Grover Cleveland  Democrat  Stops Pullman Strike  Only Prez elected twice not in a row!

14. William McKinley  Republican  Increases US Tariffs  Supported the Gold Standard

15. William McKinley  Spanish – American War  Annexation of Hawaii  Killed during 2 nd term – Leon Czolgosz

17.  1890-1920  A variety of reforms were enacted at all levels  Many Progressives believed that political action and reform were required for progress in society.

18. Progressives were not a single unified movement. Their efforts fell into four categories: Social Reform Moral Reform Economic Reform Political Reform

19. Government should be given expanded powers so that it could become more active in improving the lives of its citizens.

20. 1.Women’s rights  Suffrage (voting)  Owning Property  Divorce  Clothing  Birth Control

21.  Susan B Anthony – activist who worked towards gaining suffrage for women  Created National American Woman Suffrage Association (NAWSA)

22.  Florence Kelley – activist who worked towards gaining better working conditions

23.  Alice Paul – radical activist who worked towards gaining suffrage for women  Created Congressional Union (CU): wanted an Amendment giving Women right to vote

24.  1919 Congress passes the 19 th Amendment granting women the right to vote.

25. 2. Protection of the Environment  Antiquities Act of 1906  Allows President to designate National Monuments  Protect and Preserve Wildlife Areas

26. Over Crowding of the Cities Poor Living Conditions Unsanitary Conditions Social Reform Examples

29. 4. Unsafe working conditions and Child Labor –Fewer Hours –Higher Wages –Safer Factories –Unions

30.  The Triangle Shirtwaist Factory operated on the top 3 floors of the 10 story Asch Building in New York City

31.  Notice that the tallest ladders owned by the fire department only reach the 6 th floor In 1911, Unsafe working conditions lead to a deadly fire

32.  Rather than burn alive in the swift moving fire, many women jump from windows

34.  This is actually a photo of the building after the fire! Note how there is very little damage on the outside of the building

36.  Eight months after the fire, a jury acquitted the factory owners, of any wrong doing.  Twenty-three individual civil suits were brought against the owners of the Asch building. On March 11, 1913, three years after the fire, the owners settled. They paid 75 dollars per life lost.  This tragedy led to a push for comprehensive safety and workers compensation laws.

37. 5. Safer Medicines  Restriction of Harmful Drugs  Proper Labeling  Government Approval of Future Drugs/Medicines

38.  Medicines at the turn of the century did not require a prescription. Making exaggerated claims, they were used for a variety of ailments. Many contained dangerous ingredients.

43. 6. Safer Food  Government Inspection of Food  Proper Labeling  Cleanliness Have you read “The Jungle”? yuck.

44.  Written by Upton Sinclair  Talks about the horrors of the meat packing industry

49. Created Food and Drug Administration, responsibility of testing all foods and drugs destined for human consumption The requirement for prescriptions from licensed physicians before a patient could purchase certain drugs The requirement of label warnings on habit-forming drugs.

50. All animals were required to pass an inspection by the FDA prior to slaughter All carcasses were subject to a post- mortem inspection Cleanliness standards were established for slaughterhouses and processing plants.

51. 7. Civil Rights Movement African Americans were still fighting for basic rights guaranteed them in the Constitution

52.  Voter Restrictions  Poll Tax – Pay a fee to vote  Literacy Test – prove you could read & write to vote  Grandfather Clause – exempts a group of people from obeying a law provided they met certain conditions before law was passed

53.  Jim Crow Laws – System of laws that segregated public services by race

54.  Plessy v. Ferguson – “Separate but Equal”  Supreme Court ruled against Homer Plessy saying segregation was legal as long as separate facilities were equal

55.  Lynching – mob’s illegal seizure & execution of a person, usually by hanging

56.  Booker T. Washington – encouraged African Am. To become educated & learn a trade

57.  WEB DuBois – encouraged African Am. To attend college & become leaders; Also started NAACP

58.  NAACP – National Association for the Advancement of Colored People  Worked through courts to gain equal rights for African Am.

60. Many felt the Morals of our society were at the root of many turn of the century problems. - Moral Reformers sought to promote Moral Improvements: End Prostitution End Gambling End Drunkenness Education for Children Americanization and Restriction of Immigrants

61.  Economic Reformers sought to curb the power and influence of wealthy interests. »Monopolies »Trusts »Gap between Rich and Poor

62. Clayton Antitrust Act  Strengthened the Sherman Antitrust Act of 1890  Spelled out specific activities businesses could NOT do  Aide to Union  Strikes now Legal!

63. Federal Reserve System  Central bank of the US  Divided nation into 12 regions each w/ its own Federal Reserve Bank

65. Federal Reserve System  Regulates Amount of money in circulation  Sets interest rates  Regulates how much a bank can lend

66.  Governments should become more efficient and less corrupt so that they can competently handle an expanded role. Political Reformers demanded Political Honesty and Accountability  Patronage/Spoils System  Only Politicians can introduce bills  Only Legislatures can pass laws  Only Courts can remove corrupt officials  Political Machines  Bribery

67.  The giving of jobs or other political favors to supporters – even if they are not qualified  Even Presidents did it! …until…

68. BEFORE  Party leaders chose candidates for state & local offices AFTER  Direct Primaries – Voters select their party’s candidates

69. BEFORE  State legislature chose US Senators AFTER  17 th Amendment – US Senators are elected by popular vote

70. BEFORE  Only members of state legislature can introduce bills AFTER  Initiative – Voters can put bills before the legislation

71. BEFORE  Only legislatures pass laws AFTER  Referendum – voters can vote on bills directly  DE voters control raising school taxes

72. BEFORE  Only courts or legislature can remove corrupt officials AFTER  Recall – voters can remove elected officials from office

74.  Journalists that exposed turn of the century problems such as illegal business activities, putrid food, quack medicines, squalid living conditions, dangerous working conditions, etc.  The uncovering of these awful truths led progressives to demand changes.

75. Exposed the shameful living conditions in city tenements Exposed Big City Political Corruption Exposed the ruthless practices of big business Exposed the horrors of the meatpacking industry The Jungle History of Standard Oil SOME FAMOUS MUCKRAKERS How the Other Half Lives  Ida Tarbell Lincoln Steffens Shame of the Cities Jacob Riis Upton Sinclair

77. Theodore Roosevelt  Republican  Youngest Prez  Took office after McKinley is shot

79.  Led the fight to dissolve 40 monopolies as a “trust buster“  “Square Deal" promised a fair shake for the average citizen, including:  regulation of railroad rates and pure foods and drugs.  promotion of the conservation movement, emphasizing efficient use of natural resources.

82. William H Taft  Republican  Promised to continue TR’s ideas  Tried but lacked TR’s energy

83.  Initiated 80 antitrust suits  Submitted to the states amendments for a Federal income tax and the direct election of Senators.

85.  Progressive Republicans are upset w/ Taft & want TR back  TR wins in primaries, loses nomination so he creates his own political party  Progressive Party aka Bull Moose Party

89.  Rep – William Taft  Dem – Woodrow Wilson  Prog – Teddy Roosevelt

90. CandidatePopular VoteElectoral Vote Wilson6,296, 547435 Roosevelt4,118,57188 Taft3,486,7208 Other1,135,637None

92. Woodrow Wilson  Democrat  Continued Progressivism  Prez during WWI

93.  16 th Amendment – Congress can levy income taxes  17 th Amendment – Direct Election of Senators  18 th Amendment – Prohibition of Alcohol  19 th Amendment – Women’s Suffrage