1. Federal Bureaucracy and The challenge of Effectiveness Hakim Guidoum North Carolina Central University

2. Presentation Outline Why bureaucracy and effectiveness ? Development of the federal bureaucracy in the United States Comparative view of the American bureaucracy Size and effectiveness Political influence on bureaucratic performance What is the alternative ?

3. Why bureaucracy and effectiveness ? A current major debate Two completely different visions Academic debate with ideological and political background

4. Development of the federal bureaucracy in the United States Spoils system Civil service reform act (1883) The rise of the welfare state The Hatch Act ( 1939) National security bureaucracy

5. Development of the federal bureaucracy in the United States Source: Office of Management and Budget, A New Era of Responsibility Renewing America’s Promise, Table S-1. (2010).

6. Comparative view of the American bureaucracy Source: Bureau of Economic Analysis, Tables 1.1.5 ( 2010).

7. Size and effectiveness Bureaucracy growth is an inevitable step to accommodate the development of society. Bureaucracy growth is driven by public demands, political preferences, and interests groups. Downsizing bureaucracy without study can have a negative impact on its effectiveness.

8. Political influence on bureaucratic performance Bureaucratic performance is related to political balances Major government agencies are led by politicians The issue of discretion

9. What is the alternative ? Bureaucracy remains the best available option. Academic debate on the size of federal bureaucracy. More balance between federal bureaucracy and local bureaucracies. Outsourcing can help if its social implications are considered.

10. Questions