1. Progressive-Era Diplomacy: Roosevelt, Taft, and Wilson

2. I. Diplomacy in the Far East China  Open Door Notes – open trade w/ China Drafted by John Hay to counter the “Spheres of Influence” other world powers had established Boxer Rebellion – Chinese Nationalists lose conflict against Western imperialists Japan  Matthew Perry & Opening of Japan (1853)  Root-Takahira Agreement – US and Japan agree to respect each other’s territories in Pacific  Gentlemen’s Agreement – banned Japanese immigration.

3. II. TR’s Big Stick Diplomacy

4. A. Panama Canal  TR supported revolt in Panama against Colombia  Hay-Pauncefote Treaty – Gave U.S. authority to build canal Took 10 years; cut travel time b/w Atlantic and Pacific B. Roosevelt Corollary to Monroe Doctrine  U.S. could intervene in Latin America and Caribbean whenever necessary Venezuela, Dominican Republic debt crises C. East Asia  Russo-Japanese War –Treaty of Portsmouth  Great White Fleet – Demonstrate U.S. naval might

5. Does the Constitution follow the flag? The Insular Cases were a series of opinions by the U.S. Supreme Court in 1901 about the status of U.S. territories acquired in the Spanish–American War. The Supreme Court held that full constitutional rights do not automatically extend to all places under American control.

6. III. Taft’s Dollar Diplomacy In Central America the aim has been to help such countries as Nicaragua and Honduras to help themselves. They are the immediate beneficiaries. The national benefit to the United States is twofold. First, it is obvious that the Monroe Doctrine is more vital in the neighborhood of the Panama Canal and the zone of the Caribbean than anywhere else. There, too, the maintenance of that doctrine falls most heavily upon the United States. It is therefore essential that the countries within that sphere shall be removed from the jeopardy involved by heavy foreign debt and chaotic national finances and from the ever present danger of international complications due to disorder at home. Hence, the United States has been glad to encourage and support American bankers who were willing to lend a helping hand to the financial rehabilitation of such countries because this financial rehabilitation and the protection of their customhouses from being the prey of would-be dictators would remove at one stroke the menace of foreign creditors and the menace of revolutionary disorder. - Taft, 1912

7. Dollar Diplomacy Stressed private investment to promote economic stability, keep peace, and tie debt- ridden nations to the U.S.  “substitute dollars for bullets” Designed to strengthen U.S. trade and diminish Europe’s presence around the world  Railroads in China (1911)  Intervention in Nicaragua (1911)  Unsuccessful – U.S. Marines intervened

8. IV. Wilson’s “Moral Diplomacy” Wilson wanted to export American values  Democracy, capitalism, and Judeo-Christian morals

10. Intervention in Mexico Revolution in Mexico  Wilson refuses to recognize Huerta’s gov’t Tampico Incident  1914 - Mexican officials in Tampico arrested American sailors  Wilson ordered U.S. Navy to occupy Veracruz  War is averted through diplomatic efforts of ABC powers Huerta cedes power to Carranza, who formed new gov’t that Wilson recognized as legitimate  Pancho Villa and Emiliano Zappato keep rebellion going U.S. pursues Villa w/o Carranza’s permission US-Mexico relations remain strained for decades

11. Wilson and Latin America In 1915, Wilson responded to chronic revolution in Haiti by sending in American marines to restore order, and he did the same in the Dominican Republic in 1916  failed to create the democratic states 1916 - Wilson bought the Virgin Islands from their colonial master, Denmark, for $25 million.