1. Endocrine System ST 120

2. Day # 1 Objectives  Medical Terminology  Location of the Endocrine Glands  Hormones, steroid, non-steroid  Discuss the function of the following  Endocrine glands  Pituitary  Hypothalmus  Thyroid  Parathyroid  Related Diseases

3. Functions of the Endocrine System  Hormone Secretion  Communication  Control

4. ENDOCRINEENDOCRINE GLANDSGLANDS

5. Endocrine System Organs ALL organs of the Endocrine System are Glands ALL Glands are not organs of the Endocrine System

6. Glands WHERE DO THESE GLANDS SECRETE THEIR PRODUCTS? Endocrine- Into the bloodstream Exocrine- Into ducts

7. Endocrine System Medical Terminology  Endocrinologist- A specialist in DX and treatment of malfunctions of the Endocrine system  Endocrinopathy- Endocrine system disease  Hypercrinism- Excessive secretion of any gland  Hypocrinism- A condition caused by a secretion deficiency of any gland

8. QUESTION????? What are the functions of the Endocrine System?????

9. Hormones A substance secreted by an Endocrine Gland FUNCTION  Regulates Metabolism  Growth and Development  Reproduction  Homeostasis

10. Function of the Endocrine System HOW DO HORMONES KNOW WHERE TO GO??? THEY DON’T!!!!! HOW DO HORMONES GET WHERE THEY NEED TO GO??? Receptor Sites – Target Cells

11. Hormones TWO Major Classes of Hormones  Steroid Hormones Metabolism control Inflammation control Salt water balance Sexual characteristic development Ability to withstand illness, injury  Non-Steroid Hormones Whole Proteins “First Messenger” Delivers message to receptor

12. Hormones Tropic Hormones Hormones that control the release of other hormones. Can release hormones Can inhibit release of hormones

13. Non-Steroid Hormones How do they function??????  Delivers chemical message from cells of endocrine gland to target organ  Highly specific receptor sites of target organ receive chemical message (AMP)  Chemical reactions occur  Molecules called Second Messengers are activated  Second Messengers activate hormone in target organ

14. Non-Steroid Hormones LOCK and KEY Model  Interaction between hormone and receptor cell

15. Non- Steroid Hormones

16. QUESTION????? What are the functions of hormones???

17. QUESTION????? Describe the lock and key model.

18. QUESTION????? Explain how the second messenger works.

19. Steroid Hormones HOW DO THEY FUNCTION??????  Can pass directly from endocrine gland into the target organ cell. (Steroid hormones are generally lipids)  They bind with receptors in the nucleus  They bind with DNA in the nucleus Lock and Key Model

20. Steroid Hormones

21. Examples of Steroid Hormones  Aldosterone  Cortisol  Androgens  Estrogens  Progesterone  Testosterone

22. Feedback Loops Negative Feedback Loops in the Endocrine System

23. Feedback Loops Positive Feedback Loops in the Endocrine System Amplifies Changes Example- Increase of Oxytocin for Uterine contractions

24. Endocrine System Prostaglandins  Tissue Hormones  Found in a variety of tissues  Play important role in communication  Believed to influence AMP

25. QUESTION????? Give three examples of steroid hormones

26. Pituitary Gland Located in the cranium on the Sella Turcica

28. Pituitary Gland Two Divisions Anterior Pituitary or Adenohypophysis Posterior Pituitary or Neurohypophysis AKA- The Master Gland

29. Anterior Pituitary

30. Secretes -Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH) - Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH) - Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH) - Luteinizing Hormone (LH) pg 498 - Growth Hormone (GH) - Prolactin (lactogenic hormone)

31. Anterior Pituitary

32. QUESTION????? What is the Adenohypophysis???

33. QUESTION????? What are the hormones secreted by the Anterior Pituitary? Name one of their functions

34. Posterior Pituitary Secretes- Antidiuretic Hormone - Oxytocin

35. Medical Terminology Hypoglycemia- lower than normal blood glucose concentration. Too much insulin in the blood Hyperglycemia- higher than normal blood glucose concentration Diuretic- increasing volume of urine excreted Diabetes Insipidus- Caused by insufficient production ADH

36. Abnormalities of GH Gigantism- Hypersecretion of Growth Hormone During developmental years Dwarfism- Hyposecretion of Growth Hormone During developmental years Acromegaly- Hypersecretion of Growth Hormone After developmental years Pituitary Adenoma- A benign tumor causes excess hormone secretion

37. Treatment Hypophysectomy- radiation or surgery to remove all or part of the pituitary Human Growth Hormone Therapy- Synthetic used to stimulate growth hormone

38. Hypothalmus -Produces ADH and Oxytocin -Sends message down axons to posterior pituitary -Posterior pituitary releases ADH and Oxytocin -Produces releasing and inhibiting hormones -Travels down blood capillaries to anterior pituitary -Anterior pituitary releases hormones

39. Hypothalmus Helps to maintain homeostasis

40. QUESTION????? Explain how Oxytocin moves from the hypothalamus, to the blood stream

41. Thyroid Gland Secretes - Thyroxine - Triiodothyronine - Calcitonin Function is to regulate body’s metabolism

42. Thyroid Gland Thyroid Gland is DIFFERENT!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! -Stores thyroid hormones in colloid compound -Colloid material is stored in the follicles of the gland -Hormones are released from colloid into blood when needed

43. Thyroid Gland

44. Calcitonin - Decreases blood calcium concentration - Inhibits bone breakdown - Prevents hypercalcemia- excessive calcium in the blood.

45. Thyroid Conditions Hypothyroidism- deficiency of thyroid secretion Hyperthyroidism- Excess of thyroid secretion Hashimoto’s thyroiditis- Autoimmune disorder, immune system attacks thyroid can lead to Goiter’s Grave’s disease- Autoimmune disorder, hyperthyroidism. Goiter, exophthalmos

46. Parathyroid Gland Function- regulate calcium levels Secretes- Parathyroid/Parathormone Regulates - Calcium Levels in the blood

47. Parathyroid Gland

48. Parathyroid Conditions Hypoparthyroidism- insufficient or absent secretion Of parathyroid. Hypocalcemia can lead to tetany Hyperparathyroidism- over production of PTH Can lead to weakened bones, kidney stone formation Tetany- Abnormal condition, followed by muscle spasms

49. Opposites CALCITONINCALCITONIN PARATYROIDPTHPARATYROIDPTH

50. QUESTION????? What would happen if the thyroid produced an excess of Calcitonin?

51. QUESTION????? What is the antagonist for Calcitonin?

52. QUESTION????? What causes a goiter? Where can a goiter be found? Why do most people today not get goiters?

53. Day 2

54. Endocrine System Objectives- Function of Adrenal Glands - Related diseases - Function of Pancreas - Related diseases - Medical Terminology

55. Adrenal Glands Function - Controls electrolyte levels - Regulates Metabolism - Interaction with sympathetic nervous system Located one on top of each kidney

56. Adrenal Gland

57. Adrenal Glands Each Adrenal gland consist of two parts Adrenal Cortex- Outer portion Adrenal medulla- Inner Portion

58. Adrenal Cortex There are three layers in the Adrenal cortex Outer Zone – Secretes Mineralocorticoids Middle Zone- Secretes Glucocorticoids Inner Zone - Secretes Sex Hormones

59. Adrenal Cortex

60. Mineralocorticoids Aldosterone- Primary mineralocorticoid -Steroid Hormone -Increase the amount of sodium -Decrease the amount of potassium -Speeds up kidney reabsorption of water

61. Glucocorticoids Cortisol- Primary glucocorticoid - Steroid Hormone -Regulates metabolism of carbohydrates fats, proteins -Influence Blood Pressure -Anti-inflammatory effect -Maintains normal blood glucose concentration

62. Gluocorticoids Gluconeogenesis  Process of converting amino acids, fatty acids to glucose Amino acids move out of tissue cells into blood Circulates to liver Liver changes them to glucose Leaves liver cells and enters blood

63. Gluocorticoids Anti-immunity, antiallergy effect Decrease number of cells that produce anti-bodies Anti-inflammatory effect Hydrocortisone

64. Gluocorticoids Stress- extreme stimuli act on the body The body’s first response is to release glucocorticoids Surgery, hemorrhage, infections, severe burns, intense emotions

65. Sex Hormones Androgen- Primary Hormone In BOTH Males and Females Stimulates sex drive in females Has no significant effect on males

66. Questions????? Explain the process of glycogneogenesis What is the function of Mineral corticoids? What are the two divisions of the adrenal gland?

67. Adrenal Pathology Adrenalitis- inflammation of adrenal glands Addison’s disease- Adrenal glands do not produce enough cortisol Cause- Disorder of adrenal glands, inadequate secretion of ACTH by pituitary gland Aldosteronism- electrolyte abnormality caused by excessive secretion of aldosterone Cushing’ s Syndrome- Prolonged exposure to high levels of cortisol

68. Adrenal Medulla Function – Helps with Stress (Fight or Flight) Secretes – Epinephrine or Norepinephrine Not necessary for life!!!!! Receives impulse from the nerves, acts quickly

69. Adrenal Medulla

70. STRESS!!!!!!!!!!! WAS YOUR ADRENAL MEDULLA WORKING DURING YOUR FINAL EXAM????????????? OR WAS IT YOUR ADRENAL CORTEX????? Discuss

71. STRESS!!!!!!!!!!! Epinephrine prolongs, intensifies changes In the body Hypothalmus acts on the anterior pituitary To release ACTH. This stimulates the adrenal cortex to secrete glucocorticoids

72. Questions???? Name two hormones that can be considered part of A negative feedback loop? What is ACTH, and what does it do?

73. Endocrine System Day # 3 ST 120

74. Objectives  Function and structure of following glands  Pancreatic islets  Ovaries  Testes  Thymus  Pineal Gland  Placenta  Medical terminology  Related Diseases  Review

75. Pancreas??? The Pancreas in itself is part of the digestive system. Then Why……..is it listed as part of the Endocrine System??????? Islets cells within the Pancreas have endocrine function. AKA Islets of Langerhans

76. Islets of Langerhans

77. Pancreatic Islets Function- Controls Blood Sugar Two kinds of cells in pancreatic islets Glucagon (alpha cells) Insulin (beta cells)

78. Glucagon Accelerates a process called liver glycogenolysis A chemical process by which glycogen is converted to glucose in the liver. It leaves liver cells and enters the blood Other hormones increase blood sugar- Glucocorticoids, GH

79. Insulin Function- decreases blood sugar Insulin is secreted into the blood Sugar moves from blood into cells, liver Stored as energy reserve

80. Diabetes Type 1- AKA insulin-dependant - juvenile diabetes - Autoimmune insulin deficiency disorder Hyposecretion of insulin

81. Diabetes Type 2- AKA non-insulin dependant - adult onset - insulin is produced - insulin is not used effectively - body tries to compensate by secreting more insulin

82. Diabetes Symptoms  Increased urination (polyuria)  Excessive thirst (polydipsia)  Excessive hunger (polyphagia)  Weight loss  Blurred vision  Extreme fatigue  Slow healing  Recurring infections  Tingling sensations

83. Gestational Diabetes Develops during pregnancy Overweight women more susceptible Disappears after birth in most cases More likely to develop type 2 diabetes

84. Diabetic Emergencies DO call 911 Hypoglycemia-Shock Hyperglycemia- Coma

85. Questions?????????? What is the difference between Type 1, and Type 2 diabetes? Explain glycogenolysis Explain glyconeogenesis

86. Questions?????????? What is polyuria? What is peripheral neuropathy ?

87. Ovaries Secretes- Estrogens, Progesterones - Relaxin Function- Female developmental characteristics - Pregnancy Relaxin- Dilates cervix, relaxes symphysis pubis spermotility Located in the abdominopelvic cavity

88. Ovaries Two different types of glandular tissue Ovarian Follicles- A pocket where ova develops - Secretes Estrogen Corpus Luteum- Secretes Progesterone

89. Ovaries

90. Female Hormones Estrogen – Ovarian Follicles/Corpus Luteum -“feminizing hormone” - development of breasts - external genitalia - body contours Progesterone- Corpus Luteum/Placenta - Released during the second half of menstrual cycle - Complete preparations for pregnancy

91. Placenta Function- Allows for exchange of nutrients oxygen, waste products during pregnancy. Secretes- Progesterone, Estrogen Chorionic gonadotropins Chorion – outermost membrane surrounds baby in utero

92. Medical Terminology Gonads- Sex organs - Produces gametes Gametes- reproductive cell Gonadotropic Hormone- Any hormone that stimulates the gonads

93. Questions????????? Which Hormone(s) are secreted by the ovarian Follicles? What is the male gamete? What is the function of progesterone if fertilization of the ova does not take place?

94. OVARIESOVARIES TESTESTESTES

95. Testicles Function- Produce male sex cells, - Testosterone - Semen Secretes- Testosterone Inhibin Inhibin- Inhibits secretion of FSH for sperm control Located in the scrotum

96. Testicle Semen - Liquid portion of male reproductive fluid - Produced in ducts and glands Testosterone- secreted from interstitial cells within the testicles

97. Testosterone “Maculinizing Hormone” -Maturation of external genitals -Beard growth -Voice change -Muscular development -Change in body contours

99. Medical Terminology Hypergonadism- Excessive secretion of sex gland hormones Hypogonadism- Deficient secretion of sex gland hormones Gynecomastia- Excessive mammary development in males

100. Question?????????? What is the difference between semen and sperm? Testosterone is responsible for developing what Characteristics in males?

101. Thymus Function- Important role in body’s immune system Secretes- Thymosin- Stimulates Maturation of lymphocytes, T-cells Location- Mediastinum Behind the sternum

102. Diseases of Thymus Thymitis- Inflammation of the Thymus Thymoma- Usually benign tumor

104. Pineal Gland Function- ?????????????? Part of body’s internal clock Secretes- Melantonin Location- Central portion of the brain Third Eye- receives and responds to sensory information from optic nerve

105. Melatonin Increases at night Decreases during the day Influences sleep and wakefulness Inhibits tropic hormones of the ovaries Possibly regulates the onset of puberty

106. Other Endocrine Structures Kidneys Stomach Intestines Atrium of the heart Leptin- a hormone that is thought to regulate satiety

107. Questions???????? What is the primary function of the Thymus? What effect does Melantonin have? What is the Chorion?

108. Questions????????? Where are the following Endocrine Glands located?? Hypothalmus Thymus Pancreas Adrenals Testes Ovaries