4. What are Nouns? Nouns are names of objects, i.e. things, human beings, animals, materials and abstract notions (e.g. table, flower, woman, cat, tiger, rain, salt, honour, love)

5. Nouns Common Nouns Countable Nouns Concrete Nouns Man, pen, dog, house Abstract Nouns Idea, answer, opinion Uncountable Nouns Concrete Nouns Coal, water, paper, milk Abstract Nouns Time, freedom, dismay Proper Nouns Nouns Common Nouns Countable Nouns Concrete Nouns Man, pen, dog, house Abstract Nouns Idea, answer, opinion Uncountable Nouns Concrete Nouns Coal, water, paper, milk Abstract Nouns Time, freedom, dismay Proper Nouns Nouns Common Nouns Countable Nouns Concrete Nouns Man, pen, dog, house Abstract Nouns Idea, answer, opinion Uncountable Nouns Concrete Nouns Coal, water, paper, milk Abstract Nouns Time, freedom, dismay Proper Nouns Nouns Common Nouns Countable Nouns Concrete Nouns Man, pen, dog, house Abstract Nouns Idea, answer, opinion Uncountable Nouns Concrete Nouns Coal, water, paper, milk Abstract Nouns Time, freedom, dismay Proper Nouns

6. Common nouns are nouns that do not name a specific person, a place, a thing or an idea. They are not capitalized. A houseA boxA butterfly

7. Proper nouns name a specific person, a place, a thing or an idea. They are capitalized. Christmas Shpola Abraham Lincoln Trafalgar Square The Pacific Ocean Ben Nevis

8. Concrete nouns name a thing that can be seen, heard, tasted or touched. They can be either common or proper: a TV set, Lincoln Memorial, Washington DC, a lake. Concrete nouns name a thing that can be seen, heard, tasted or touched. They can be either common or proper: a TV set, Lincoln Memorial, Washington DC, a lake. Abstract nouns name something that we cannot hear, taste or touch. They can be either common or proper: health, literature, joy, happiness, Christianity. Abstract nouns name something that we cannot hear, taste or touch. They can be either common or proper: health, literature, joy, happiness, Christianity.

9. Nouns can be Countable nouns are individual objects, people, places etc., which can be counted and used with an indefinite article: a bell, a flower, a field. Uncountable nouns have only one form. They can’t be counted and aren’t used with an indefinite article : money, health, information, air, butter.

10. Abstractions such as beauty, wisdom, love, knowledge Mass nouns such as sugar, money, salt, sand Natural conditions such as weather, sunshine, moonlight, rain Liquids, gases, solids such as water, milk, juice, tea

11. Fill in the gaps with little / a little, few / a few: 1. 1.I’m thirsty. Do you have anything to drink? - Yes, I’ve got …orange juice. 2. 2.Let’s make pizza. - We can’t- we’ve got … cheese. 3. 3.I can’t buy this necklace because I have … money. 4. 4.Very … people in Ukraine speak Japanese. 5. 5.Give me … time and I’ll do it. 6. 6.Do you think we’ll catch the train? I doubt -- too … time remains. 7. I’m hungry. Do you have anything to eat? -- Yes, there are … bananas and … cheese.

12. Simple Nouns: ArmSchoolPenBallKnifeWay Compound Nouns: SchoolgirlPenknifeRainbowSnowmanRailwayman Derivative Nouns: WriterSailorHappinessPianistTourismGenerosity

13. A plural form of a noun names more than one. It usually ends with – s or – es. Apple s Strawberri es Orange s s Cucumber s Cherri es

14. A pen – pens A pupil – pupils A desk – desks a field – fields A nut – nuts A student – students A forest – forests A wardrobe – wardrobes

15. We add – es if a noun ends with –sh, -ch, -x, -ss, -s: A glass – glass es A box – boxes A bench – benches A dress – dresses A bush – bushes A watch – watches

16. If a noun ends in a consonant + -y, in the plural form we change the –y to an -i and add –es: A lorry – lorries A puppy – puppies A berry – berries A raspberry – raspberries A family – families A community – communities A candy – candies A duty – duties A story – stories

17. If –y is proceeded by a vowel we don’t change it, just add –s: A monkey – monkeys A boy – boys A boy – boys A donkey – donkeys

18. Some nouns ending in – o need –es to form the plural: A potato – potato es A tomato – tomato es s But: a photo – photo s s A zoo – zoo s s A piano – piano s s A kilo – kilo s

19. Some noun endings in – f / fe are changed to – ves to form the plural: A knife – knives A thief – thieves A wolf – wolves Some nouns ending in – f need only – s to form the plural: A roof – roofs A safe –safes A chief – chiefs A kerchief – kerchiefs

20. Only plural in English but only singular Ukrainian: Clothes – одяг Wages – заробітна плата Wages – заробітна плата Both singular and plural in English but only plural in Ukrainian: A gate – gates – ворота A sled – sleds – санки A sled – sleds – санки A door – doors – двері A door – doors – двері Only singular in English but both singular and plural in Ukrainian: Advice – порада, поради News – новина, новини News – новина, новини

21. Only singular in English MoneyFruitTwilight but only plural in UkrainianГрошіФруктиСутінки

22. A sheep A fish A foot A tooth A mouse A child A man A woman An ox A deer A goose A salmon Sheep Fish Feet Teeth Mice Children Men Women Oxen Deer Geese Salmon

23. 1. 1.(Is/are) your furniture new? – No, I bought (them / it) 5 years ago. 2. 2.(Are/is) (this/these) cream fresh? – Yes, (it/they) (is / are). 3. Where did you take (this/these) money? – I found (it / them). 4. 4.Fruit (is / are) my favourite food. It (is / are) rich in vitamins. 5. Where did you hear (these / this) news? – I heard (them / it) on the radio.

24. 1. 1.(Postman) bring (letter) and (newspaper). 2. 2.His (foot) hurt him. 3. 3.The (child) brush their (tooth) with soft (brush). 4. 4.Two (spacecraft) were launched yesterday. 5. 5.Our (cat) caught three (mouse) yesterday. 6. 6.(Man) are usually taller than (woman). 7. 7.There are ten (cow), two (ox) and fifty (sheep) on the farm. 8. (Deer) are the most beautiful of all animals. 9. His (tooth) are yellow because he smokes (pipe).

25. is the form Case is the form of the noun which shows which shows the relations of the noun to other words in the sentence in the sentence There are two case forms: The Possessive Case The child’s father An hour’s walk The Common Case The child An hour

26. We add –’s to singular nouns and to irregular nouns: girl’s dress men’s suits. The apostrophe (-’) is added to regular plural nouns and to proper names ending in –s: parents’ meeting Archimedes’ Law.

27. Masculine Man, Husband, Boy, Son. Feminine Woman, Wife, Girl, Daughter. Neuter Pen, Flower, Family, Rain, Opinion.

28. There are nouns which may be treated as either males or females (cousin, friend). They are said to be of common gender. Sometimes a separate form for a female is built up by means of the suffix – ess (host – hostess, actor – actress)

29. The subject: Books are read every day. An object: You did much splendid work. A predicative: The place was in disorder. An objective predicative: They elected him president of the club. A subjective predicative: He was appointed squadron commander. Various adverbial modifiers: He spoke in a different tone. An attribute: She had no winter jacket. An apposition: He told us about his father, a teacher, who died in the war.

30. Gordon E.M., Krylova I.P. Gordon E.M., Krylova I.P. “ A Grammar of Present-Day English” M.I. Dubrovin “English for Everybody” The Internet Pazyuk L.K. “English Grammar”