2. J OHN L OCKE Intellectual of the Enlightenment Essay Concerning Human Understanding Every person is born with a tabula rasa (blank mind) People are molded by experiences that came through the world If environments were changed people would change

3. I SAAC N EWTON Intellectual of the Enlightenment Believed the physical world was like a “Giant machine.” Formulated laws of motion and gravitation Operated according to natural laws Could be uncovered through systematic investigation Enlightenment thinkers believed if there were natural laws governing the physical world, there should be natural laws governing the human society.

4. P HILOSOPHES Another name for the intellectuals of the Enlightenment Writers, Professors, Journalists, Economists, Social Reformers. Their role was to change the world

5. M ONTESQUIEU French Noble Famous Work – The Spirit of the Laws – Study of Governments Tried to find natural laws that govern social and political relationships of human beings. Three Basic kinds of governments Republics- Small States Despotism- Large States Monarchies- Moderate Sized States

6. Believed government functioned through a separation of powers.. Government should have a series of checks and balances to limit governmental control. Executive (Monarch) Legislative ( Parliament) Judicial ( Courts of Law) This contributed to the United States Constitution

7. V OLTAIRE Known as the greatest figure in the Enlightenment Religious Freedom 1763- Treatise on Toleration -Reminded governments that “all men are brothers under God.” Championed Deism –Religious philosophy based on reason and natural law. “World Machine” God created the world, set it in motion and then did not interfere.

8. D IDEROT Encyclopedia, or Classified Dictionary of the Sciences, Arts, and Trades. Became a weapon against old French Society. Attacked religious superstition and supported religious tolerance. Called for social, legal, and political reforms

9. A DAM S MITH (F ATHER OF C APITALISM ) Believed the State should not interfere in economic matters. Laissez- Faire –Let people do what they want. The Wealth of Nations- The state should have 3 roles Protect from invasion Defend citizens from injustice Keep public works individuals could not afford (Roads and Canals…)

10. C ESARE B ECCARIA On Crimes and Punishments- Punishments should not be exercised in brutality. Apposed capital punished Believed is was barbaric Didn’t stop people from committing crimes

11. J EAN -J ACQUES R OUSSEAU Discourse on the Origins of the Inequality of Mankind Argued people adopt laws in order to preserve their private property. The Social Contract- Society decides to be governed by its general will Social Contract- Society agrees to be governed by a general will. Emile Education should foster, not restrict children's natural instincts. Emotions are important as well as reason Sent his own children to orphanages Viewed woman as being “naturally” different from men

12. W OMEN ’ S R IGHTS Mary Wollstonecraft English Writer A Vindication of the Rights of Women Identified 2 problems with the views of many Enlightenment thinkers – People who argued women must obey men said governments based on the arbitrary power of monarchs was wrong. Enlightenment was based on an ideal of reason in all human beings. Women should have equal rights in education, economics, and political life.

13. R ELIGION John Wesley –Anglican Minister Methodism movement “Gift of Gods grace.” Led him to become a missionary to the English people Anglican Churches did not accept him so he preached in open fields, halls, or cottages