1. Sex, Gender, and Personality Chapter 16

2. What is gender?
What is sex?

3. HEXACO: Which gender scores higher?
Cohen’s d = size of significant effect H E X A C O
.20
Small Difference
.50
Medium Difference
.80
Large Difference

4. Sex Differences in HEXACO
Honesty-Humility: Women higher on all 4 facets
d = .23 – .71
Emotionality: Women higher on all 4 facets
d = .73 – 1.08
e(X)traversion: Varies with facet
Expressiveness and Liveliness: Women (d = .30)
Social Boldness: Men (d = -.30)

5. Sex Differences in HEXACO
Agreeableness:
Patience: Men (d = -.30)
Conscientiousness
Perfectionism: Women (d = .25)
Openness to Experience:
Inquisitiveness, Creativity, Unconventionality: Men (d = -.25 to -.62)
Aesthetic Appreciation: Women (d = .39)

6. Gender Schema Theory: How well do you fit into your traditional gender role?

7. Masculinity, Femininity, Androgyny, and Sex Roles
1930s: researchers assumed sex differences on various personality items were attributable to differences along the single dimension of masculinity-femininity
But perhaps someone could score high on both masculinity and femininity—this led to concept of androgyny

8. Gender Schemata
Definition
Sex-Typed
When psychological gender matches biological sex.
Sex-Reversed
When psychological gender is opposite to biological sex
Androgynous
Possess both masculine and feminine traits
(score high on both feminine and masculine traits)
Undifferentiated
Possess few masculine and few feminine traits
(score low on both feminine and masculine traits)

9. Masculine Androgynous Undifferentiated Feminine Bem Sex-Role Inventory
High Masculinity
Masculine
Androgynous
Low Femininity
High Femininity
Undifferentiated
Feminine
Low Masculinity

10. Leader, ambitious, assertive, competitive
Bem Sex-Role Inventory
High Masculinity
Masculine
Androgynous
Low Femininity
High Femininity
Leader, ambitious, assertive, competitive
Undifferentiated
Feminine
Low Masculinity

11. Compassionate, cheerful, childlike, gullible, gentle
Bem Sex-Role Inventory
High Masculinity
Masculine
Androgynous
Low Femininity
High Femininity
Compassionate, cheerful, childlike, gullible, gentle
Undifferentiated
Feminine
Low Masculinity

12. Can you think of someone who is…..
Androgynous?
Sex-Reversed?
Sex-Typed?
Undifferentiated?

13. Hillary Clinton’s score would be:
Masculine
Feminine
Androgynous
Undifferentiated

14. Johnny Depp’s score would be:
Masculine
Feminine
Androgynous
Undifferentiated

15. Justin Bieber’s score would be:
Masculine
Feminine
Androgynous
Undifferentiated

16. CLASS SCORES

17. Androgyny

18. Masculinity Femininity +Extraversion +Openness to Exp - Neuroticism
+ Agreeableness
+ Conscientiousness
Femininity
(Lippa, 1995)

19. Why do sex differences in personality exist?

20. Why do sex differences exist?
Socialization Theory
Social Role Theory
Evolutionary Psychology
Hormonal Theories

21. Boys Girls Socialization Theory Reinforced for being masculine
Reinforced for being feminine
Girls

22. Social Learning Theory
Learn through male models (e.g., fathers, brothers)
Boys
Learn through female models (e.g., mothers, sisters)
Girls

23. Social Role Theory Which personality traits? Men’s Social Role
Breadwinner
Which personality traits?
Women’s Social Role
Homemaker
Which personality traits?
Children and Gender Roles

24. Social Role Theory Agentic Independent, assertive Men! Communal
Friendly, nurturing, interpersonal skills
Women!

25. Evolutionary Psychology
Similar
Similar adaptive problems
Different
Different adaptive problems

26. Evolutionary Psychology
Women
Adaptive Problem: Commitment - Finding a partner on which to depend and provide for family
Solution: Women higher in N
Dependence and anxiety about relationships help women to keep partner
Men
Adaptive Problem: Paternity Certainty
Solution: Men higher in E
Assertiveness and dominance help men to seek new relationships and to monitor their current partner (to prevent infidelity)
Both Sexes
Adaptive Problem: Finding Food
No differences in OE
Unconventionality helps both sexes to find new locations for food

27. Hormonal Theories
Sex Differences in men and women due to hormonal make-up

28. Biological Sex and Testosterone
Men
Dominance
(r = .25)
Women
Conscientiousness
(r = -.40)
No Correl.
O,E,A,N
(Sellers et al., 2007)

29. Why would women exhibit masculine traits?
Overactive Adrenal Gland
Better spatial rotation ability and throwing accuracy
Prefer male toys
High Testosterone
More masculine career
More masculine appearance and personality

30. Sexual Orientation as an individual difference variable

31. (vs. Heterosexual Women)
Gay Men
(vs. Heterosexual Men)
Higher on A, C, N, OE
Lower on M-F Measure
Lesbian women
(vs. Heterosexual Women)
Higher on OE, M-F
Lower on N
(Lippa, 2005)

32. Bi-sexual Men (vs. Homosexual Men) (Lippa, 2005) No Diff in M-F
Both lower than heterosexual men
Bi-sexual Women
Lower in M-F than homosexual women
Higher in M-F than heterosexual women
(Lippa, 2005)