1. T HE L AND OF THE N ILE

2. D O N OW Take out your vocabulary sheets Turn to page 135 of your textbook

3. T HE N ILE R IVER The Nile River is the world’s longest river. From east-central Africa, it flows north for 4,160 miles until it empties into the Mediterranean Sea.

4. T HE N ILE R IVER The Nile flows from higher land in the south to lower land in the north.

5. T HE N ILE R IVER The ancient land once called Lower Egypt lies at the Nile’s mouth at the Mediterranean Sea and is made up mainly of the Nile Delta.

6. D ELTA A delta is a triangular piece of rich land formed from soil deposited at the mouth of some rivers.

7. D ELTA (G REEK S YMBOL )

8. M ODERN U SES OF D ELTA Gasoline Brand Airline Company

9. T HE N ILE R IVER The higher land to the south was known as Upper Egypt. There, the narrow and fertile Nile Valley follows the Nile River for more than 600 miles.

10. T HE N ILE R IVER Even farther south, the Nile runs between desert cliffs in a series of six cataracts, or waterfalls.

11. N ILE R IVER C ATARACTS

12. T HE N ILE R IVER The Nile River cuts across the arid, or dry, desert known as the Sahara. Only in the fertile lands by the Nile could early Egyptians grow crops of wheat and barley.

13. T HE N ILE R IVER Heavy rains fall in the mountains at the Nile’s source to the far south. This rainfall caused the river to overflow its banks. The yearly flooding deposited silt along each bank, making the soil fertile.

14. T HE N ILE R IVER This physical setting supported permanent settlement. By 4000 B.C., farming villages lined the Nile River from the delta to the first cataract. To the ancient Egyptians, the Nile was called “the giver of life.”

15. C OMPARISON Ancient EgyptModern Egypt

16. C ONTROLLING THE R IVER

17. P ROBLEMS In some years, the rains were not heavy enough to make the Nile overflow its banks. The land baked in the sun, the crops dried up, and many people starved.

18. P ROBLEMS In other years, too much rain fell, and the river flooded wildly, drowning people and destroying crops.

19. S OLUTIONS To give themselves some control over the Nile, irrigation ditches were built to bring water to the fields.

20. S OLUTIONS Later, they built dams and dikes to control the yearly flooding.

21. S OLUTIONS They also learned to store water in ponds or pools for use when the river was low.

22. G OVERNMENT C ONTROL As the Egyptians learned to benefit from the Nile, the populations of settlements along its shores increased.

23. G OVERNMENT C ONTROL Irrigation became so important that it was supervised by government officials. Eventually the government began to have complete control over all farming and irrigation. The authority of early Egyptian leaders was their ability to provide water for crops. Over time, they built complex irrigation systems.

24. G OVERNMENT C ONTROL In good years, large harvests produced surplus food so the rulers stored it to feed people in times of drought. They also used surplus food to feed the laborers on public works projects.

25. W RAP U P Name some of the facts that you learned about the Nile River