1. 7.7

3. Normal: 0.1 % blood sugar can be reabsorbed. Diabetes Mellitis: Inadequate secretion of insulin Blood sugar levels tend to rise. Excess sugar remains in nephron. Osmotic pressure in nephron  water remains in nephron and lost with urine. Affected usually void large volumes of urine: need to drink more water.

4. Destruction of ADH-producing cells or nerve tracts b/n hypothalamus and pituitary gland. No ADH  no reabsorption  increase in very dilute urine

5. Also called nephritis Caused by inflammation of nephrons (many ways) Toxins produced by invading microbes destroy glomerulus vessels  proteins and other large molecules able to pass into nephron. Proteins (no reabsorption): remain in nephron and create osmotic pressure, drawing water into nephron.

6. Precipitation of mineral solutes from blood. Two groups: alkaline and acid stones. Sharp stones lodge in renal pelvis  ureter  urethra. Can tore delicate tissues.

7. Surgical removal (old technique) New technique: Extracorporeal shock-wave lithotripsy (ESWL) Nonsurgical technique: high-energy shock waves to break kidney stones into smaller peices. Tiny granules can be voided in excretory system.

8. Dialysis: exchange of substances across a semipermeable membrane. Operates of principles of diffusion and blood pressure Cannot perform active transport. Two kinds of dialysis Hemodialysis Machine connected to circulatory system by a vein Blood pumped through dialysis tubes in a bath of various solutes Urea and other waste solutes continually removed. Also receives hormones the kidneys can not produce. Peritoneal dialysis 2 L of dialysis fluids pumped into abdominal cavity, urea and other wastes diffuse from plasma into dialysis fluid. Drained off and replaced several times a day.

10. Nothing can surpass the workings of a working kidney. Today, transplant is 85% effective. Immune system can reject new kidney. New kidney attached to blood vessels and bladder  in the lower abdomen. Old kidney not removed unless chronically infected/inflamed.

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