1. 1 Chapter 8 Joints of the Skeletal System D- Anatomy and Physiology

2. 2 8.1: Introduction Are known as articulations Functional junctions between bones Bind parts of skeletal system together Make bone growth possible Permit parts of the skeleton to change shape during childbirth Enable body to move in response to skeletal muscle contraction

3. 3 8.2: Classification of Joints (1) Fibrous joints Dense connective tissues connect bones Between bones in close contact (2) Cartilaginous joints Hyaline cartilage or fibrocartilage connect bones (3) Synovial joints Most complex Allow free movement These joints are also known as: Synarthrotic joints Considered immovable Amphiarthrotic joints Slightly movable Diarthrotic joints Freely movable

4. 4 Fibrous Joints There are three (3) types of fibrous joints: Syndesmosis Suture Gomphosis Syndesmosis: A sheet or bundle of fibrous tissue connecting bones Lies between tibia and fibula (interosseous membrane) amphiarthrotic Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Fibula Interosseus membrane of leg Tibia Medial malleolus Anterior tibiofibular ligament (interosseus ligament) Lateral malleolus

5. 5 Fibrous Joints Suture: Between flat bones See teeth-like projections Thin layer of connective tissue connects bones Skull synarthroses Gomphosis: Cone-shaped bony process in a socket Tooth in jawbone synarthroses Margin of suture Parietal bone Suture Sutural bones Occipital bone (a) (b) Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Courtesy of John W. Hole, Jr. Periodontal ligament Alveolar process of mandible Root of tooth Crown of tooth Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

6. 6 Cartilaginous Joints There are two (2) types of cartilaginous joints (synarthroses): Synchondrosis Symphysis Synchondrosis: Bands of hyaline cartilage unite bones Epiphyseal plate (temporary) Between manubrium and the first rib (costal cartilages) Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Thoracic vertebra Costal cartilage Manubrium First rib

7. 7 Cartilaginous Joints Symphysis: Pad of fibrocartilage between bones Pubic symphysis Joint between bodies of adjacent vertebrae Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Gelatinous core Spinous process Band of fibrocartilage Pubis Fibrocartilage disc of symphysis pubis Intervertebral discs (a) (b) Body of vertebra

8. 8 8.3: General Structure of a Synovial Joint Synovial joints are freely moveable (diarthroses) There are specific parts of a diarthroses: Articular cartilage Joint cavity Joint capsule Synovial membrane Synovial fluid Meniscus Bursae Accessory ligaments Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Spongy bone Joint cavity filled with synovial fluid Synovial membrane Articular cartilage Joint capsule

9. 9 Types of Synovial Joints Pivot Joint Between atlas (C1) and the dens of axis (C2) Hinge Joint Elbow joint Between phalanges Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. (e) Pivot joint Dens Transverse ligament Atlas Axis (d) Hinge joint Humerus Ulna Radius

10. 10 Types of Synovial Joints Saddle Joint Between carpal and 1 st metacarpal (of thumb) Condylar Joint Between metacarpals and phalanges Between radius and carpals Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Metacarpal Phalanx (b) Condylar joint(f) Saddle joint First metacarpal Trapezium

11. 11 Types of Synovial Joints Ball-and-Socket Joint Hip joint Shoulder joint Gliding Joint Between carpals Between tarsals Between facets of adjacent vertebrae Hip bone (a) Ball-and-socket joint Head of femur in acetabulum Femur Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. (c) Plane joint Carpals

12. 12 Types of Joint Movements Abduction/adduction Dorsiflexion/plantar flexion Flexion/extension/hyperextension Lateral flexion Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Abduction Adduction Extension Flexion Dorsiflexion Plantar flexion Extension Flexion Hyperextension © McGraw-Hill Companies / Womack Photography Ltd.

13. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. © McGraw-Hill Companies / Womack Photography Ltd. Circumduction Medial rotation Lateral rotation Supination Pronation 13 Types of Joint Movements Rotation Circumduction Supination/pronation

14. 14 Types of Joint Movements Eversion/inversion Protraction/retraction Elevation/depression Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. InversionEversion Protraction Retraction Elevation Depression © McGraw-Hill Companies / Womack Photography Ltd.

15. 15 Shoulder Joint Ball-and-socket Head of humerus and glenoid cavity of scapula Loose joint capsule Bursae Ligaments prevent displacement Very wide range of movement (circumduction) Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Humerus Articular cartilage Scapula Clavicle Acromion process Subdeltoid bursa Synovial membrane Joint capsule Joint cavity (a)

16. 16 Shoulder Joint Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. © Paul Reimann Head of humerus Joint cavity Joint capsule Articular cartilage Scapula Humerus (b) Coracohumeral ligament Transverse humeral ligament Tendon of biceps brachii (long head) Acromion process Clavicle Coracoid process Acromion process Subscapular bursa Joint capsule Coracoid process Clavicle Glenohumeral ligaments Glenoid cavity Triceps brachii (long head) Glenoid labrum Scapula Humerus Scapula Articular capsule (glenohumeral ligaments hidden) (a)(b) Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

17. 17 Elbow Joint Hinge joint Trochlea of humerus Trochlear notch of ulna Gliding joint Capitulum of humerus Head of radius Flexion and extension Many reinforcing ligaments Stable joint Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Humerus Joint capsule Synovial membrane Joint cavity Articular cartilage Coronoid process Anular ligament Radius Ulna Olecranon process Trochlea (a)

18. 18 Elbow Joint Radius Tendon of biceps brachii muscle Anular ligament Humerus Medial epicondyle Ulnar collateral ligament Coronoid process Ulna Humerus Lateral epicondyle Anular ligament Radius Olecranon process Radial collateral ligament Ulna (b) (a) Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

19. 19 Hip Joint Ball-and-socket joint Head of femur and acetabulum of coxa Heavy joint capsule Many reinforcing ligaments Less freedom of movement than shoulder joint Circumduction Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Hip bone Joint cavity Articular cartilage Synovial membrane Joint capsule Ligamentum capitis Femur (a)

20. 20 Hip Joint Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. (b) Joint cavity Articular cartilage Hip bone Head of femur Joint capsule Femur © Paul Reimann Ilium Iliofemoral ligament Greater trochanter Femur Lesser trochanter Pubis Pubofemoral ligament Ischium Iliofemoral ligament Ischiofemoral ligament Femur Ilium (a)(b) Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

21. 21 Knee Joint Largest joint Most complex Medial and lateral condyles of distal end of femur and Medial and lateral condyles of proximal end of tibia and Femur articulates anteriorly with patella Strengthened by many ligaments and tendons Menisci separate femur and tibia Bursae Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Femur Quadriceps femoris tendon (patellar tendon) Synovial membrane Suprapatellar bursa Patella Prepatellar bursa Joint cavity Articular cartilage Menisci Patellar ligament Infrapatellar bursa Joint capsule Tibia (a)

22. 22 Knee Joint Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Anterior cruciate ligament Femur (b) Lateral condyle Lateral meniscus Articular cartilage Lateral condyle Head of fibula Tibia Fibula © Paul Reimann Gastroc- nemius muscle (cut) Popliteus muscle cut) Oblique popliteal ligament Arcuate popliteal ligament Fibula Tibia Femur Joint capsule Fibular collateral ligament Plantaris muscle (cut) Tibial collateral ligament Tendon of semimembranosus (cut) (a)(b) Femur Lateral condyle Lateral meniscus Lateral condyle Fibular collateral ligament Fibula Tibia Medial condyle Anterior cruciate ligament Medial meniscus Medial condyle Tibial collateral ligament Patellar ligament (cut) Posterior cruciate ligament Tendon of adductor magnus (cut) Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

23. 23 8.7: Lifespan Changes Joint stiffness is an early sign of aging Fibrous joints first to change; can strengthen however over a lifetime Changes in symphysis joints of vertebral column diminish flexibility and decrease height (remember water loss from the IVDs) Synovial joints lose elasticity Disuse hampers the blood supply Activity and exercise can keep joints functional longer