1. More movement terms Elevation: act of raising or lifting a body part
Example – ribs/breathing, shoulders/shrugging
Depression: Act of lowering a body part
Rotation is a circular movement around an axis
An axis is an imaginary line that runs lengthwise through the center of the body. Rotation turns a bone on its own axis
Circumduction: circular (more correctly, conical) movement at the far end of a limb.

2. More Terms of Movement
Supination: rotating the arm or leg so that the palm/sole is turned upward
Pronation: rotating arm or leg so the palm/sole is turned downward or backward
Dorsiflexion: movement that bends the foot upward at the ankle
Plantar flexion: movement that bends the foot downward at the ankle

3. How Muscles are Named
Origin – where the muscle begins (closest to the midline; less moveable)
Insertion – where the muscle ends (farther from midline; more moveable)
Location:
pectoralis major – pectoral means relating to the chest
Lateralis – toward the side
Medialis – toward the midline
Sternocleidomastoid muscle
Connects at:
Sternum, clavicle, and mastoid process below the ear

4. More on how muscles are named
Fiber direction
Oblique – slanted or at an angle
Rectus – straight alignment with the vertical axis of the body
Sphincter- Ring-like structure that constricts the opening of a passageway
Transverse: crosswise direction
Number of divisions (biceps = bi- two, ceps head or triceps tri-three)
Size or shape: gluteus maximus is the largest muscle of the buttock. Deltoid is shaped like a triangle which is the Greek letter delta

5. Muscles or muscle groups to Know
Biceps (Anterior arm proximal to the elbow)
Triceps (Posterior arm proximal to the elbow)
Pectorals (Chest)
Deltoid (shoulder)
Rectus Abdominis (stomach/abdominals)
Gluteus Maximus (butt)
Quadriceps (anterior thigh)
Lattisimus dorsi (back)
Gastrocnemius (calf)
Trapezius (Low neck to shoulder)
Hamstrings (posterior thigh)

6. Medical Specialties
Exercise physiologist – works under the supervision of a physician to develop, implement, and coordinate exercise programs and administer medical tests to promote physical fitness
Neurologist – physician specializing in treating the causes of paralysis and similar muscular disorders in which there is a loss of function
Physiatrist – physician who specializes in physical medicine and rehabilitation with a focus on restoring function.

7. Pathology of fibers, fascia and tendons
Fasciitis (fas-ee-EYE-tis): inflammation of fascia
Tenosynovitis: Inflammation of the sheath surrounding a tendon
Tendinitis: AKA tendonitis – inflammation of the tendons caused by excessive or unusual use of the joint

8. Syndromes
Fibromyalgia syndrome: debilitating chronic condition characterized by fatigue, diffuse or specific muscle, joint or bone pain
Chronic fatigue syndrome – disorder of unknown cause that affects many body systems. Many symptoms are similar to fibromyalgia syndrome.
Profound fatigue not improved with rest and exacerbated by physical/mental activity

9. Muscle Disorders
Adhesion: when a band of fibrous tissue holds structures together abnormally.
Atrophy: weakness or wearing away of body tissues and structures (from pathology or disuse)

10. Muscle Disorders
Myocele: herniation (protrusion) of muscle substance through a tear in the fascia surrounding it
Hernia: Protrusion of a part of a structure through the tissues normally containing it.
Myolysis: Degeneration of muscle tissue

11. More Disorders
Polymyositis – inflammation and weakening of voluntary muscles in many parts of the body; mainly affecting the torso.
Sarcopenia – Loss of muscle mass, strength and function that come with aging. Weight training can improve muscle mass and slow this process

12. Muscle Tone
...is the state of balanced muscle tension (contraction and relaxation)that makes normal posture, coordination and movement possible
Atonic: LACKING normal muscle tone or strength
Dystonia: ABNORMAL muscle tone that causes impaired voluntary muscle movement
Hypotonia: DIMINISHED tone of skeletal muscles