1. UN, NATO, Canada & Yugoslavia THE REACTION 1992: Canada became involved in first UN organized NATO-led peacekeeping operation 16 000 Cdn peacekeepers sent to monitor ceasefire & protect civilians in “save-haven” towns initial effort failed b/c Bosnian Serbs attacked safe-haven towns & peacekeepers NATO launched air strikes against Serbian positions finally overwhelmed by NATO in 1995, Serbia signed a peace agreement THE PROBLEM Yugoslavia was created at end of WWI from a collection of diverse territories w/ different languages, religions, ethnicities with fall of communism, many nationalist groups within Yugoslavia wanted to become independent Croatia, Slovenia & Bosnia declared independence in short period resulting in civil war Serbian forces committed genocide in attempt to eliminate Bosnians & Croats from communities deemed to be Serbian this resulted in an international crisis

2. UN, Canada & Somalia Somalia(an African nation) was thrown into chaos when local clans over threw government started civil war to fight for control at same time experiencing drought & famine 30,000 citizens had been killed international community responded to the war without invitation U.N created a peace keeping mission called Operation Restore Peace – wanted to end civil was by disarming warring groups and providing relief to Somalis – mission was deemed a failure by1995

3. Canadian Aid and Shame in Somalia sent 900 Cdn soldiers Cdn airborne regiment was disbanded after videos showed questionable initiation practices and evidence of racism Cdn soldiers killed many Somalis under uncertain circumstances peace keeping operation will forever be tainted with an event that tarnished the image of Cdn peacekeepers

4. UN, Canada & Rwanda Rwanda is an African country that has suffered violence and genocide, even though the UN was in the country trying to prevent this violence was between the Hutus and Tutsis, two tribal groups within Rwanda In 1993, the UN sent in a small force led by Canadian General Romeo Dallaire to protect the citizens of Rwanda were also sent to help in giving food and aid to the inhabitants of Rwanda Dallaire feared a huge upheaval and warned the UN that their force was too small to prevent this wide-open conflict 1994 the Hutus struck out against the Tutsis in a bloody campaign which included rape and murder and amounted to genocide

5. Aftermath of the Attack in Rwanda Dallaire begged for 5000 more soldiers to stop the slaughter – this request was questioned because of the recent failure in Somalia had left many countries concerned about sending troops in under the UN eventually the UN pulled out most of its troops in Rwanda in July 1994, the Tutsi army drove out the terrible Hutu group that had killed most of the citizens of Rwanda

6. Romeo Dallaire in Rwanda became a Brigadier General in the Canadian military in 1989 went to Rwanda as a commander in the peace keeping force returned home, devastated by the failure of his mission eventually wrote a book on his time in Rwanda called: Shake Hands With the Devil which won a Literary Award

7. Canada, the First Gulf War and Afghanistan both were military operations, not peacekeeping missions Chretien and Harper decided to use their NATO obligations to justify the military cost and losses indicative of how Cdn foreign policy is more in tune with American objectives than British objectives(a major shift from the beginning of the century) – President Obama recently reached out to Canada to continue to help until peace, and a democratic gov’t, is established in Afghanistan indicative of how Canada wishes to spread democracy and human rights beyond its borders