1. Acting on Advice Page 28

2. 2. Listen to someone giving instructions. In what situation would you expect to hear them? Ans: It’s a supervisor giving instructions to candidates at the beginning of an exam

3. 3. Look at these examples from the listening. Which grammatical structures are used? a)Come into the room quietly (the imperative form of the verb is being used) b)Can you look for your candidates no on the desk? (Can you is a modal verb used to front a question)

4. Can you? Could you? Would you are often used to soften instructions and sound more polite. Imperative verbs like put sound more direct. Other structures like would you mind sound more polite.

5. Modals and Semi-Modals Modals (e.g. could) and semi-modals (e.g. need to) tell us something about the attitude of the speaker. In these sentences the modals are used for giving instructions. What is the meaning behind each one? 1.You might try this website. 2.Could I ask for silence now? 3.You must make a decision before Wednesday

6. 1.Might is used when making a tentative suggestion-the speaker doesn’t want to be too assertive, and wants to give the listener more choice about what to do. 2.Could is used to show that the speaker is requesting action. It shows that the listener has some choice about whether to act in the way the speaker wants.

7. 3 Must is used here to describe an ideal or desired situation. It is stronger than should and shows that the listener has less choice about what to do.

8. 3. Discuss the difference in use between the words in bold in each pair. 1 (a) I could get into the house by climbing through the window. (b) I was able to get into the house by climbing through the window

9. 3. Discuss the difference in use between the words in bold in each pair. 1 (a) I could get into the house by climbing through the window. The use of could suggests a general or physical ability – the person could get into the house by climbing through the window

10. (b) I was able to get into the house by climbing through the window. The use of was able to suggests that the person is referring to one specific achievement/occaion.

11. Modals and Semi-Modals 2 (a) She may get there by 10 if she catches the 8.30 train. (b) May I use the office photocopier to make a copy of my passport?

12. Modals and Semi-Modals 2 (a) She may get there by 10 if she catches the 8.30 train. May is used for possibility.

13. Modals and Semi-Modals 2 (b) May I use the office photocopier to make a copy of my passport? May is used for asking permission (formal)

14. Modals and Semi-Modals 3. (a) She might get there on time if she leaves work early. (b) Might I make a suggestion?

15. Modals and Semi-Modals 3. (a) She might get there on time if she leaves work early. Might is used for possibility (smaller possibility than may)

16. Modals and Semi-Modals 3 (b) Might I make a suggestion? Might is used for making a suggestion, or tentatively offering advice (formal)

17. Modals and Semi-Modals 4 (a) I must remember to e-mail Joanna. (b) We have to write 5,000 words for our project.

18. Modals and Semi-Modals 4 (a) I must remember to e-mail Joanna. Must is used for obligation which comes from the speaker (internal obligation)

19. Modals and Semi-Modals 4(b) We have to write 5,000 words for our project. Have to is used for an obligation which is imposed on us by someone else (external obligation)

20. Modals and Semi-Modals 5 (a) You need to take three copies of this. (b) You didn’t need to switch the TV off.

21. Modals and Semi-Modals 5 (a) You need to take three copies of this. Need is used to express the idea that it is necessary to do something.

22. Modals and Semi-Modals 5 (a) You need to take three copies of this. (b) You didn’t need to switch the TV off.

23. Modals and Semi-Modals 5(b) You didn’t need to switch the TV off. Didn’t need to is used when someone has done something but it wasn’t necessary to do it.

24. Modals and Semi-Modals 6. (a) You needn’t have posted it; I could have picked it up later. (b) You didn’t need to show any ID to get in.

25. Modals and Semi-Modals 6. (a) You needn’t have posted it; I could have picked it up later. Needn’t have is used to tell someone that an action that they did wasn’t necessary

26. Modals and Semi-Modals 6.(b) You didn’t need to show any ID to get in. Don’t need to is used to say that an action is not necessary.

27. disDisappear, discontinue, distrust NonNon smoker IllIllogical, illiterate MisMislead, mistrust ImImmature, impersonal, impolite UnUnavoidable, unconventional, unjustified InInaccessible, insensitive, inconclusive IrIrresistible, irregular

28. able photocopiable, countable, employable, arguable, recommendable, respectable, reliable ation Exploration, dramatisation, recommendation, ency Efficiency, frequency, tendency ful Deceitful, careful, respectful Ly Timely, rudely, frequently, speechless, careless, pointless ment Judgement, employment, argument ness Rudeness, awareness Italics means a change of spelling

29. Writing Folder – Formal Writing 1.Moreover, we are content with your staff. Having kind and helpful personnel is important – people expect this level of service. 2.Lastly, I would like to say that the discount seems rather/slightly smaller than the ten per cent originally promised.

30. Writing Folder – Formal Writing 3. I am writing this letter to your newspaper because I think there was a mistake in your Thursday edition. 4. Interviewees’ responses depended on their age, gender, occupation and educational background.

31. Writing Folder – Formal Writing 5. With regard to other matters, I would like to make a few suggestions, which I hope you can take into consideration.