1. ENG 213 MIDSEMESTER EXAM An Introduction to Language
(8th Edition, 2007)
by Victoria Fromkin, Robert Rodman
and Nina Hyams, Chapters 1-6 16

2. CONTRAST 1 allophones-phonemes bound-free morphemes
competence-performance
complementary opposites (alive/dead) complementary distribution-contrastive distribution-free variation
diphthong-digraph
gradable opposites (hot/cold) 16

3. CONTRAST 2 inflectional-derivational morphology
logical-structural subject
phrasal categories-lexical categories
prescriptive-descriptive grammar
relational opposites (buy/sell, employer/employee)
stop-continuant
systematic-accidental gap
time-place-person deixis
Empirical, Linguistic, Metaphorical Truth 16

4. THE COOPERATIVE PRINCIPLE: CONVERSATIONAL IMPLICATURES
Given the outline form, be able to fill in all of the designations:
I. Quantity
A. Be informative
B. Don’t give too much information
II. Quality
A. Don’t lie or mislead
B. Don’t make unverifiable statements
III. Relation
A. Be relevant
IV. Manner
A. Avoid obscurity
B. Avoid ambiguity
C. Be succinct
D. Be orderly 16

5. DEFINITIONS 1 Affricate Coarticulation Coronal entailment relationship
Glottal
Onomatopoeia 16

6. DEFINITIONS 2 Performative Recursion redundancy rules Sonorant
Suprasegmental
Theme
wh-question transformation 16

7. DEFINITIONS 3 Chiasmus Eponymy Frame Semantics Irony Metaphor Metonymy
Nonsense
Oxymoron
Synecdoche
Sniglet 16

8. DIAGRAMING
Given sentences, be able to draw tree diagrams 16

9. EXAMPLES diacritical mark Hyponymy Legal language minimal pair
suppletive form 16

10. IDENTIFICATIONS
Be able to uniquely identify given sounds by giving their places and manners of articulation.
Be able to identify the sounds determined by particular sets of distinctive features
Given sentences, identify Subjects, Direct Objects, Indirect Objects 16

11. INNATENESS HYPOTHESIS
Give ten types of evidence which support Noam Chomsky’s “Innateness Hypothesis.” 16

12. LONG-ANSWER ESSAY (15 POINTS)
1. Explain in detail how non-standard English is more logical than is standard English
2. In detail, compare and contrast human language with various animal languages. 16

13. SHORT-ANSWER ESSAY (5 POINTS)
Explain the concept of "elegance" 16

14. TRANSCRIPTIONS
Given phonemic symbols, transcribe into regular orthography
Given regular orthography, transcribe into phonemic script 16

15. CONTRAST Phonology Graphology Morphology Syntax Semantics Pragmatics16

16. *CONTRAST Prescriptive Adequacy Descriptive Adequacy
Explanatory Adequacy
Evaluative Adequacy 16

17. *EXAMPLES OF THE FOLLOWING
Lexical Ambiguity
Syntactic Ambiguity
Lexical Anomaly
Syntactic Anomaly
Lexical Paraphrase
Syntactic Paraphrase 16

18. *(SEMANTIC) GAPS: Be able to give an example of each of the following:
Borrowing
Loan Translation
Meaning Shift
Suffixation
Prefixation
Compound
Blend
Clipping
Back Formation
Acronym
Metathesis
Coinage
Part-of-Speech Change 16

19. THEMATIC ROLES Contrast the following
Actor or Agent
Animate cause
Experiencer
Animate affected
Instrument
Inanimate cause
Object or Patient
Inanimate affected 16