1. Draw trees for these sentences. Yesterday Emma bought a book. Yesterday Emma bought a book about cooking. Yesterday Emma bought a book in a bookstore. (ambiguous)

2. Draw trees for these sentences. Yesterday Emma put a book on the table. Yesterday Emma put a book about cooking under the table. Yesterday Emma put a book about cooking on the table in the hall. (ambiguous)

3. “The study of the linguistic meaning of morphemes, words, phrases, and sentences is called semantics.” Fromkin, Victoria, Robert Rodman & Nina Hyams. 2011. An Introduction to Language, 9th edition. Wadsworth, Cengage Learning, p. 140.

4.  Lexical semantics  Phrasal or sentential semantics  Pragmatics Fromkin, Victoria, Robert Rodman & Nina Hyams. 2011. An Introduction to Language, 9th edition. Wadsworth, Cengage Learning, p. 140.

5. Semantics Words Lexical Semantics Phrases Phrasal Semantics Sentences Sentential Semantics Pragmatics Discourse Pragmatics (Meaning in Context) Fromkin, Victoria, Robert Rodman & Nina Hyams. 2011. An Introduction to Language, 9th edition. Wadsworth, Cengage Learning, p. 140.

6. WordSentence  meaningful  ambiguous  synonymous  opposites  reference (can)  sense  truth valueX  entailment X Fromkin, Victoria, Robert Rodman & Nina Hyams. 2011. An Introduction to Language, 9th edition. Wadsworth, Cengage Learning, p. 140ff.

7. “Learning a language includes learning the agreed-upon meanings of certain strings of sounds and learning how to combine these meaningful units into larger units that also convey meaning.” “All speakers of a language share a basic vocabulary—the sounds and meanings of morphemes and words.” [My emphasis.] Fromkin, Victoria, Robert Rodman & Nina Hyams. 2003. An Introduction to Language. Boston, MA: Wadsworth, p. 173.

8.  Pronunciation  Meaning (including Semantic Properties)  Relationship to other words  Grammatical category  How to use it in sentences.  Potential collocations and idioms  Spelling

9.  Truth  Entailment / Logic  Ambiguity Fromkin, Victoria, Robert Rodman & Nina Hyams. 2011. An Introduction to Language, 9th edition. Wadsworth, Cengage Learning, pp. 140-143.

10. “…our knowledge about the truth value of sentences [is a function of] taking the meanings of words and combining them according to the syntactic structure of the sentence.” Fromkin, Victoria, Robert Rodman & Nina Hyams. 2011. An Introduction to Language, 9th edition. Wadsworth, Cengage Learning, p. 146.

11. All the Individual Word Meanings + Syntax = Sentence Meaning Fromkin, Victoria, Robert Rodman & Nina Hyams. 2011. An Introduction to Language, 9th edition. Wadsworth, Cengage Learning, p. 144ff.

12.  Anomaly  Metaphor  Idioms Fromkin, Victoria, Robert Rodman & Nina Hyams. 2011. An Introduction to Language, 9th edition. Wadsworth, Cengage Learning, pp. 147-152.

13.  Lexical item with more than one word.  Meaning of the idiom cannot be inferred.  They must be LEARNED (like other words, morphemes).  They must be stored in the Mental Lexicon. Fromkin, Victoria, Robert Rodman & Nina Hyams. 2011. An Introduction to Language, 9th edition. Wadsworth, Cengage Learning, pp. 151-152.

14.  Reference  Sense  Mental image  Various lexical relations Fromkin, Victoria, Robert Rodman & Nina Hyams. 2011. An Introduction to Language, 9th edition. Wadsworth, Cengage Learning, pp. 154-156.

15. (Boldfaced items may be debatable) a. T b. Cc. S d. S e. S f. C g. S h. T i. S j. S k. T l. S m. S n. T o. C p. S q. C r. C s. C t. S u. C v. S w. C x. C y. S z. C

16. a. TQueens are monarchs. b.CKings are female. c. SKinds are poor. d. SQueens are ugly. e.SQueens are mothers. f.CKings are mothers. g.SDogs are four-legged. h. TCats are felines. i. SCats are stupid. j. SDogs are carnivores.

17. k.TGeorge Washington is George Washington. l.SGeorge Washington is the first president. m. SGeorge Washington is male. n.TUncles are male. o. CMy aunt is a man. p.SWitches are wicked. q. CMy brother is a witch. ?? r.CMy sister is an only child. s. CThe evening star isn’t the evening star.

18. t.SThe evening star isn’t Venus. u.CBabies are adults. v. SBabies can lift one ton. w.CPuppies are human. x.CMy bachelor friends are all married. y. SMy bachelor friends are all lonely. z.CColorless ideas are green.

19. a. We laughed at the colorful ball. Lexically ambiguous: ball (toy children play with); (dance party) b. He was knocked over by the punch. Lexically ambiguous: punch (using the fist to hit someone); (drink at a party) Structurally ambiguous: He was next to the punch when he was knocked over. The punch knocked him over.

20. c. The police were urged to stop drinking by the fifth. Lexically ambiguous: fifth (5th day of the month); (a fifth of a gallon of whiskey??) Structurally ambiguous: when they should stop drinking They should not drink a whole fifth of whiskey when they drink.

21. d. I said I would file it on Thursday. Lexically ambiguous: file (folder containing information); (tool for smoothing rough surfaces) Structurally ambiguous: I said it on Thursday. the filing will be done on Thursday

22. k. run down l. violin case m. bill/Bill; house/House n. stud tires; out o. dog bite victim p. lack of brains q. death (whose?) r. eye drops (N); eye drops (NP VP) s. try; shooting defendant (Adj N) or (V NP) t. Queen Mary (person or ship)